राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा कानून के तहत हांगकांग की पहचान में बदलाव

The situation in Hong Kong highlights the tension between national security concerns and the preservation of civil liberties under the "one country, two systems" framework. The "One Country, Two Systems" framework was established in 1997 when Hong Kong was transferred from British to Chinese sovereignty. It guaranteed Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy, except in defense and foreign affairs, for 50 years. This framework is now under pressure due to the implementation of the National Security Law.

The National Security Law (NSL), enacted by Beijing in 2020, criminalizes secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign forces. The law allows mainland authorities to operate in Hong Kong and has been used to suppress dissent. The arrest of approximately 260 people and the conviction of 76 individuals under the NSL demonstrate its impact on Hong Kong's legal and political environment.

The concept of media freedom is also central to understanding the changes in Hong Kong. The kidnapping of five Hong Kong booksellers in 2015 and the prosecution of Jimmy Lai, founder of Apple Daily, in 2026, leading to the newspaper's closure, exemplify the erosion of media freedom. These actions have created a chilling effect, leading to self-censorship and the closure of independent media outlets.

For UPSC aspirants, understanding the "one country, two systems" framework, the implications of the National Security Law, and the importance of media freedom are crucial for both prelims and mains. Questions may focus on the impact of China's policies on Hong Kong's autonomy, the international response to these developments, and the broader implications for human rights and democratic values. This topic is particularly relevant for GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Internal Security).