New Labour Code Rules Allow Women's Night Shifts with Safety Net

सही उत्तर: D

Statement 1 is correct as the news explicitly mentions allowing women's night shifts (7 pm to 6 am) with safety measures. Statement 2 is correct; the rules cap weekly working hours at 48, which is a common international standard, often linked to ILO conventions. Statement 3 is also correct, as the summary states gratuity for contract employees with a one-year term. All three statements accurately reflect the provisions mentioned in the news.

सही उत्तर: C

Statement A, B, and D are correct. 'Labour' falls under the Concurrent List (List III) of the Seventh Schedule, allowing both Centre and States to legislate. DPSP, particularly Articles 39, 41, 42, 43, and 43A, guide labour welfare. Statement C is NOT correct. While a central law generally prevails over a state law on a concurrent subject in case of repugnancy, there is an exception: if a state law has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, then the state law may prevail in that state, notwithstanding its repugnancy to an earlier law made by Parliament (Article 254(2)). Therefore, the central law does not 'always' prevail.

सही उत्तर: C

Statement 1 is correct. The Factories Act, 1948, specifically Section 66, restricted women's employment between 7 pm and 6 am. Statement 3 is correct. Many states, like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, had already amended their respective Shops and Establishments Acts or Factories Act rules to allow women to work night shifts in IT, manufacturing, and other sectors, often with conditions for safety and transport. Statement 2 is NOT correct. India has NOT ratified ILO Convention No. 89. India had ratified Convention No. 4 (Night Work (Women) Convention, 1919) and Convention No. 41 (Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1934), but later denounced them due to changing socio-economic conditions and the need for greater flexibility for women's employment.

सही उत्तर: C

Statements A, B, and D are widely recognized objectives of the labour code reforms. The simplification of laws, promotion of ease of doing business, and universalization of social security have been key arguments put forth by the government. Statement C is NOT correct. While the codes aim for industrial harmony, critics often argue that some provisions within the new codes, particularly the Industrial Relations Code, actually dilute the bargaining power of trade unions by increasing the threshold for strikes and reducing the scope for collective bargaining, rather than strengthening it. Therefore, strengthening trade union bargaining power is not a stated objective, and arguably, the outcome might be the opposite.