Bhopal Metro Inaugurated, India Nears US in Metro Network Length

सही उत्तर: B

Statement 1 is incorrect. While India is rapidly expanding its metro network and aims to surpass the US, it is currently the third-largest operational metro network globally, after China and the United States. Statement 2 is correct. Metro projects are capital-intensive and typically rely on a mix of central and state government funding, loans from international agencies like JICA, ADB, and increasingly, PPP models. Statement 3 is correct. The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act mandates the constitution of Metropolitan Planning Committees (MPCs) in metropolitan areas to prepare draft development plans, which include provisions for urban transport and infrastructure.

सही उत्तर: C

Option A is incorrect. While HAM originated in highways, its principles can be adapted for other infrastructure projects, including metro rail, though its application might vary. Option B is incorrect. While municipal bonds are being promoted as a source of urban finance, they are not yet a significant or widely utilized primary source for *most* metro projects, which still heavily rely on central/state equity and external loans. Option C is correct. International financial institutions like JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and ADB (Asian Development Bank) provide loans for large infrastructure projects, and these loans invariably come with specific conditions regarding project execution, environmental and social impact assessments, and procurement guidelines to ensure transparency and efficiency. Option D is incorrect. Viability Gap Funding (VGF) is specifically designed to support infrastructure projects that are economically justified but financially unviable, and it can be extended to metro rail projects if they meet the criteria.

सही उत्तर: C

The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), launched in 2006, aims to promote sustainable urban transport. Its primary objectives include: promoting public transport and non-motorised modes (A), ensuring equitable allocation of road space (B), and integrating land use and transport planning (D). The policy explicitly discourages the unchecked growth of private vehicles and focuses on shifting commuters towards public and non-motorised transport. Therefore, encouraging the development of private vehicle infrastructure (C) is NOT a primary objective; rather, it's contrary to the policy's spirit.

सही उत्तर: A

Assertion (A) is true. Metro rail expansion is indeed seen as a cornerstone for sustainable urban development by addressing various urban challenges. Reason (R) is also true. Metro systems contribute to sustainability by reducing reliance on private vehicles, thereby cutting down carbon emissions and traffic congestion. They also promote social equity by offering accessible and often affordable public transport options to a wider population. Furthermore, Reason (R) correctly explains why Assertion (A) is true, as these benefits directly contribute to sustainable urban development goals.