| Penalties for Violations | Relatively lower fines, less stringent enforcement. | Significantly increased fines (e.g., drunk driving, dangerous driving), stricter penalties for juvenile offenses. |
| Aggregators (e.g., Ola, Uber) | No specific provisions for ride-sharing aggregators. | Introduced provisions to regulate aggregators, mandating licenses and compliance with IT Act. Empowered states to frame rules. |
| Road Safety | Focus on driver licensing and vehicle fitness. | Enhanced focus on road safety: recall of defective vehicles, protection of good samaritans, national road safety board. |
| Vehicle Recall | No specific provision for vehicle recall. | Mandatory recall of defective vehicles by manufacturers if they pose a risk to environment or users. |
| Digitalization | Primarily manual processes for licenses, registration. | Promoted digitalization: online services for licenses, registration, e-challans, digital documents (e.g., DigiLocker). |
| Third-Party Insurance | Mandatory, but compensation limits were lower. | Mandatory, with increased minimum compensation for hit-and-run victims and no-fault liability. |
| Commercial Use of Private Vehicles | Generally restricted private vehicles for commercial purposes, requiring specific permits. | While general restrictions remain, the current news (Jan 2026) allows states/UTs to permit private EVs for shared taxis, leveraging the 2019 Act's aggregator provisions for a specific segment. |
