Hong Kong's Identity Shift Under National Security Law
Hong Kong's distinct identity is giving way to a party-approved Chinese identity.
Photo by Simon Zhu
Since Xi Jinping's ascent to power in 2013, Beijing has steadily increased its control over Hong Kong, particularly after the implementation of the 2020 National Security Law (NSL). The NSL criminalizes secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign entities. Approximately 260 individuals have been arrested under the NSL, with 76 convictions. This law has significantly reshaped Hong Kong's political and media landscape, leading to curtailed media freedom and the erosion of the "one country, two systems" framework. Protests in 2014 and 2019 faced suppression. The 2015 kidnapping of five Hong Kong booksellers by Beijing had a profound impact on media freedom. Jimmy Lai, the founder of Apple Daily, faced prosecution under the NSL in 2026, resulting in the newspaper's closure.
The National Security Law's broad application has led to self-censorship among journalists and the closure of independent media outlets. The arrests and convictions under the NSL have targeted pro-democracy activists, journalists, and ordinary citizens expressing dissent. The "one country, two systems" framework, initially designed to grant Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy, has come under increasing strain as Beijing exerts greater influence over the region's affairs.
This situation is relevant to India as it highlights the challenges faced by regions with special autonomous status and the potential for erosion of democratic freedoms under authoritarian pressure. The events in Hong Kong serve as a case study for understanding the complexities of international relations, internal security, and the protection of civil liberties, particularly relevant for UPSC exams, especially in GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Internal Security).
Key Facts
Xi Jinping came to power in 2013.
The Hong Kong National Security Law (NSL) was implemented in June 2020.
Around 260 people have been arrested under the NSL.
76 people have been convicted under the NSL.
Jimmy Lai, founder of Apple Daily, was prosecuted under the NSL in 2026.
UPSC Exam Angles
GS Paper II (International Relations): Impact of China's policies on Hong Kong's autonomy and international perceptions.
GS Paper III (Internal Security): Implications of the National Security Law for civil liberties and regional stability.
Potential Essay Topic: The Future of Democracy in Asia: Challenges and Opportunities.
In Simple Words
Hong Kong used to have its own way of doing things, different from mainland China. They had more freedom and a different legal system. But now, China is taking more control, especially after a new security law. It's like Hong Kong is slowly becoming more like any other city in China.
India Angle
This situation might remind some Indians of how the central government can sometimes intervene in state matters. Imagine if the central government started changing the rules in a state, limiting its autonomy. People in that state might feel like their unique identity is being threatened.
For Instance
Think of it like when your parents start making more decisions for you, even though you're an adult. You might feel like you're losing your independence and control over your own life.
It matters because it shows how powerful countries can change the rules and affect people's freedoms. It's a reminder to value and protect our own rights and autonomy.
When a promise of freedom is broken, the world watches.
Since Xi Jinping came to power in 2013, Beijing has systematically tightened control over Hong Kong, especially after the 2020 National Security Law (NSL). The NSL criminalizes secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign forces. Around 260 people have been arrested under the NSL, with 76 convicted.
The law has reshaped Hong Kong's political and media landscape, curtailing media freedom and eroding the "one country, two systems" framework. Protests in 2014 and 2019 were suppressed. The kidnapping of five Hong Kong booksellers by Beijing in 2015 heavily impacted its media freedom.
Jimmy Lai, the founder of the newspaper Apple Daily, was prosecuted under the NSL in 2026, and his newspaper was shut down.
Expert Analysis
The situation in Hong Kong highlights the tension between national security concerns and the preservation of civil liberties under the "one country, two systems" framework. The "One Country, Two Systems" framework was established in 1997 when Hong Kong was transferred from British to Chinese sovereignty. It guaranteed Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy, except in defense and foreign affairs, for 50 years. This framework is now under pressure due to the implementation of the National Security Law.
The National Security Law (NSL), enacted by Beijing in 2020, criminalizes secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign forces. The law allows mainland authorities to operate in Hong Kong and has been used to suppress dissent. The arrest of approximately 260 people and the conviction of 76 individuals under the NSL demonstrate its impact on Hong Kong's legal and political environment.
The concept of media freedom is also central to understanding the changes in Hong Kong. The kidnapping of five Hong Kong booksellers in 2015 and the prosecution of Jimmy Lai, founder of Apple Daily, in 2026, leading to the newspaper's closure, exemplify the erosion of media freedom. These actions have created a chilling effect, leading to self-censorship and the closure of independent media outlets.
For UPSC aspirants, understanding the "one country, two systems" framework, the implications of the National Security Law, and the importance of media freedom are crucial for both prelims and mains. Questions may focus on the impact of China's policies on Hong Kong's autonomy, the international response to these developments, and the broader implications for human rights and democratic values. This topic is particularly relevant for GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Internal Security).
Visual Insights
Key Statistics on Hong Kong's National Security Law
Dashboard highlighting key statistics related to the implementation and impact of the National Security Law in Hong Kong.
- People Arrested Under NSL
- 260
- People Convicted Under NSL
- 76
Highlights the scale of enforcement under the NSL.
Shows the number of convictions resulting from NSL arrests.
More Information
Background
Latest Developments
In 2021, Hong Kong's electoral system was overhauled to ensure that only "patriots" could hold office. This move further tightened Beijing's control over the region's political institutions. The changes reduced the number of directly elected seats in the Legislative Council and increased the influence of pro-Beijing figures.
The international community has responded to these developments with concern. Several countries have imposed sanctions on Chinese and Hong Kong officials deemed responsible for undermining Hong Kong's autonomy. The United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union have all expressed strong criticism of Beijing's policies.
Looking ahead, the future of Hong Kong's autonomy remains uncertain. The 50-year period guaranteed by the "one country, two systems" framework will expire in 2047. The decisions made by Beijing in the coming years will determine the long-term trajectory of Hong Kong's relationship with mainland China.
Practice Questions (MCQs)
1. Consider the following statements regarding the 'One Country, Two Systems' framework: 1. It was established in 1997 when Hong Kong was transferred to Chinese sovereignty. 2. It guarantees Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy for 100 years, except in defense and foreign affairs. 3. The Hong Kong Basic Law enshrines this framework and serves as the region's constitution. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A.1 and 2 only
- B.1 and 3 only
- C.2 and 3 only
- D.1, 2 and 3
Show Answer
Answer: B
Statement 1 is CORRECT: The 'One Country, Two Systems' framework was indeed established in 1997 upon Hong Kong's transfer to Chinese sovereignty. Statement 2 is INCORRECT: The framework guarantees a high degree of autonomy for 50 years, not 100 years, until 2047. Statement 3 is CORRECT: The Hong Kong Basic Law serves as the region's constitution and enshrines the 'One Country, Two Systems' framework.
2. The National Security Law (NSL) implemented in Hong Kong in 2020 criminalizes which of the following? 1. Secession 2. Subversion 3. Terrorism 4. Collusion with foreign forces Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- A.1 and 2 only
- B.2 and 3 only
- C.1, 3 and 4 only
- D.1, 2, 3 and 4
Show Answer
Answer: D
The National Security Law (NSL) criminalizes all four activities: secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign forces. This broad definition has been criticized for potentially stifling dissent and limiting civil liberties in Hong Kong.
3. In the context of Hong Kong, what does the term 'patriots' refer to, as used by Beijing?
- A.Individuals who support Hong Kong's complete independence from China
- B.Individuals who advocate for democratic reforms in Hong Kong
- C.Individuals who support the policies and governance of the Chinese Communist Party
- D.Individuals who prioritize Hong Kong's economic development over political issues
Show Answer
Answer: C
In the context of Hong Kong, the term 'patriots,' as used by Beijing, refers to individuals who support the policies and governance of the Chinese Communist Party. This definition has been used to justify electoral reforms that ensure only pro-Beijing individuals can hold office.
Source Articles
What changed in Hong Kong after National Security Law? | Explained - The Hindu
26 years of uncertainty: Hong Kong’s journey since the handover - Frontline
The fall of Hong Kong - The Hindu
Hong Kong's biggest pro-democracy party votes to disband after over 30 years of activism - The Hindu
The tale of Hong Kong, a city torn between two systems - The Hindu
About the Author
Anshul MannGeopolitics & International Affairs Analyst
Anshul Mann writes about International Relations at GKSolver, breaking down complex developments into clear, exam-relevant analysis.
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