Background Context
The issue of air pollution in Delhi is not new; it has been a growing concern since the late 20th century. Rapid industrialization, vehicular emissions, and agricultural practices in the surrounding regions have contributed significantly to the deteriorating air quality. The first major study highlighting Delhi's air pollution problems was conducted in the 1990s, leading to initial measures such as the introduction of CNG for public transport. However, these measures proved insufficient to combat the escalating pollution levels. The problem is further exacerbated by meteorological factors, such as the landlocked geography and winter inversions, which trap pollutants close to the ground. The severity of the issue has prompted various committees and commissions to recommend comprehensive action plans, but effective implementation remains a challenge.
Current Developments
In recent years, there has been increased focus on addressing Delhi's air pollution through various initiatives. The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas was established in 2021 to coordinate efforts between states. The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is implemented during periods of severe pollution, imposing restrictions on construction, vehicular movement, and industrial activities. The promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) and the expansion of public transport are also key strategies. Despite these efforts, challenges remain in ensuring compliance and addressing the root causes of pollution, such as stubble burning in neighboring states. Future outlook involves greater emphasis on sustainable practices, technological interventions, and public awareness campaigns to achieve long-term improvements in air quality.
Practice MCQs
Question 1
Consider the following statements regarding the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM):
1. It was established as a statutory body in 2021.
2. It has the power to impose environmental compensation on industries causing pollution.
3. The CAQM's jurisdiction is limited to the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The CAQM was established in 2021 as a statutory body and has the power to impose environmental compensation. However, its jurisdiction extends beyond Delhi to include the National Capital Region and adjoining areas. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect.
Question 2
Which of the following is NOT typically a component of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) implemented in Delhi to combat air pollution?
- Ban on construction activities
- Restrictions on vehicular movement
- Implementation of odd-even rationing of vehicles
- Complete shutdown of all industries
Explanation: While GRAP includes restrictions on construction, vehicular movement, and may include odd-even rationing, a complete shutdown of all industries is not a typical component. The measures are graded based on the severity of pollution.
Question 3
Assertion (A): Prolonged exposure to high levels of air pollution can negatively impact athletic performance.
Reason (R): Air pollution reduces oxygen uptake and increases respiratory stress, affecting endurance and stamina.
In the context of the above statements, which of the following is correct?
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
- Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
- A is true but R is false
- A is false but R is true
Explanation: Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why air pollution impacts athletic performance. Air pollution impairs respiratory function, reducing oxygen uptake and increasing stress on the respiratory system.
Previous Year Questions
PYQ 1 - UPSC Prelims 2014 2014
Which of the following is/are the major pollutant(s) responsible for the degradation of air quality in Delhi?
1. Oxides of Nitrogen
2. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
3. Carbon Monoxide
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- (a) 1 and 2 only
- (b) 2 only
- (c) 1 and 3 only
- (d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Oxides of Nitrogen, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), and Carbon Monoxide are all major pollutants contributing to air quality degradation in Delhi.
PYQ 2 - UPSC Mains 2022 2022
Discuss the impact of deteriorating air quality in Delhi on public health and sports. Suggest measures to mitigate the adverse effects, especially on athletes.
PYQ 3 - SSC CGL 2023 2023
Which of the following pollutants is a major contributor to air pollution in Delhi, especially during winter?
- (a) Ozone
- (b) Carbon Dioxide
- (c) Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
- (d) Sulfur Dioxide
Explanation: Particulate Matter (PM2.5) is a major contributor to air pollution in Delhi, especially during winter due to factors like stubble burning and lower wind speeds.
PYQ 4 - SSC CHSL 2023 2023
The Air Quality Index (AQI) is used to measure air quality. Which of the following AQI ranges indicates 'Poor' air quality?
- (a) 0-50
- (b) 51-100
- (c) 201-300
- (d) 301-400
Explanation: An AQI range of 201-300 indicates 'Poor' air quality, signifying potential health risks.
PYQ 5 - IBPS PO 2023 2023
Which of the following initiatives is NOT directly aimed at improving air quality in Indian cities?
- (a) National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
- (b) Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME)
- (c) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
- (d) Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emission norms
Explanation: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is a financial inclusion scheme and is not directly related to improving air quality.
PYQ 6 - SBI PO 2023 2023
What is the primary concern regarding Delhi's air quality impacting international sporting events?
- (a) Increased tourism revenue
- (b) Reduced infrastructure costs
- (c) Athletes' health and performance
- (d) Enhanced media coverage
Explanation: The primary concern is the negative impact on athletes' health and performance due to poor air quality.
PYQ 7 - CDS 2023 2023
Which of the following gases is NOT considered a primary air pollutant?
- (a) Carbon Monoxide
- (b) Nitrogen Dioxide
- (c) Sulfur Dioxide
- (d) Ozone
Explanation: Ozone is a secondary air pollutant, formed by the reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere.
PYQ 8 - CDS 2023 2023
Which of the following measures would be MOST effective in reducing vehicular emissions in Delhi?
- (a) Increasing parking fees
- (b) Promoting the use of private cars
- (c) Improving public transportation and promoting electric vehicles
- (d) Building more roads
Explanation: Improving public transportation and promoting electric vehicles would be the most effective measure in reducing vehicular emissions.