Bhopal Gas Tragedy: Toxic Waste Removal Marks Historic Decision
Decades-old toxic waste from Bhopal gas tragedy site finally removed.
Photo by Ravi Sharma
Visual Insights
Bhopal Gas Tragedy Site
Location of the Union Carbide factory in Bhopal where the toxic waste was removed.
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Exam Angles
GS Paper III: Environment and Disaster Management
Ethical considerations of corporate responsibility
International law and liability of multinational corporations
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Summary
Background
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy, occurring in December 1984, was not an isolated incident but the culmination of several factors. Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), was established in 1934. The Bhopal plant, set up in 1969, initially produced Sevin, a pesticide less toxic than alternatives.
However, by the late 1970s, demand for Sevin declined, leading to cost-cutting measures and safety compromises. The plant used methyl isocyanate (MIC), a highly toxic intermediate, produced on-site instead of importing it, increasing the risk. Safety protocols were reportedly weakened, and the plant was understaffed.
The disaster exposed the vulnerabilities of multinational corporations operating in developing countries with weaker regulatory oversight.
Latest Developments
In recent years, focus has shifted towards long-term health impacts on the survivors and their descendants. Studies continue to explore the potential for epigenetic changes and transgenerational effects. Legal battles for compensation and environmental remediation are ongoing, with activists seeking greater accountability from Union Carbide (now Dow Chemical).
The issue of contaminated groundwater remains a significant concern, with efforts to provide clean drinking water to affected communities. There's also increasing emphasis on establishing a comprehensive healthcare system for survivors, addressing not just physical ailments but also mental health issues stemming from the trauma.
Practice Questions (MCQs)
1. Which of the following statements regarding Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) is/are correct? 1. MIC is an intermediate chemical used in the production of pesticides, particularly carbamate pesticides. 2. Exposure to MIC primarily affects the respiratory system, causing severe lung damage. 3. MIC is highly reactive with water, and this reaction can generate heat and gaseous byproducts. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- A.1 and 2 only
- B.2 and 3 only
- C.1 and 3 only
- D.1, 2 and 3
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Answer: D
All three statements are correct. MIC is used in pesticide production, affects the respiratory system, and reacts violently with water.
2. Which of the following international conventions directly addresses the issue of hazardous waste management and disposal?
- A.Basel Convention
- B.Stockholm Convention
- C.Rotterdam Convention
- D.Vienna Convention
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Answer: A
The Basel Convention specifically addresses the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal.
3. Consider the following statements regarding the legal and ethical responsibilities of multinational corporations operating in developing countries: 1. Multinational corporations are legally bound to adhere to the environmental standards of their home country, regardless of the host country's regulations. 2. The 'polluter pays' principle mandates that the entity responsible for environmental damage should bear the costs of remediation. 3. Ethical considerations suggest that multinational corporations should prioritize profit maximization above all else, as long as they comply with local laws. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A.1 and 2 only
- B.2 only
- C.1 and 3 only
- D.1, 2 and 3
Show Answer
Answer: B
Statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is incorrect as MNCs often follow host country regulations. Statement 3 is incorrect as ethical considerations require more than just legal compliance.