भारत में जनसांख्यिकीय परिवर्तन: क्षेत्रीय असमानताएं और नीतिगत निहितार्थ
RBI की रिपोर्ट में असमान जनसांख्यिकीय परिवर्तन पर प्रकाश डाला गया है, जिसके लिए राज्य-स्तरीय नीतियों की आवश्यकता है।
Photo by Thomas Chan
संपादकीय विश्लेषण
मुख्य तथ्य
Kerala elderly population by 2036: >22%
Tamil Nadu elderly population by 2036: >20%
UPSC परीक्षा के दृष्टिकोण
GS Paper I: Population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues
GS Paper II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors
GS Paper III: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it, human resource
Potential question types: Analytical, descriptive, statement-based
दृश्य सामग्री
Regional Demographic Transition in India (2036 Projection)
Map showing states projected to have high elderly populations (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) and states with a growing working-age population (Bihar, UP, Jharkhand) by 2036.
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और जानकारी
पृष्ठभूमि
नवीनतम घटनाक्रम
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल
1. What are the key facts about the demographic transition in India, specifically regarding Kerala and Tamil Nadu, for the UPSC Prelims?
As per the RBI report, by 2036, Kerala and Tamil Nadu are projected to become "ageing States" with elderly populations exceeding 22% and 20%, respectively. Remember these percentages and the year 2036 for potential MCQs.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on states with significant demographic shifts and the projected timelines.
2. What is demographic transition and why is it important for India's economic planning?
Demographic transition is the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a society develops. It's important because it affects the size and structure of the workforce, healthcare needs, and social security demands, requiring tailored economic policies.
3. How does the demographic transition in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand differ from that of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, according to the RBI report?
The RBI report indicates that while Kerala and Tamil Nadu will have ageing populations by 2036, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand will continue to see their working-age populations rise beyond 2031. This divergence necessitates different policy approaches for these regions.
4. What policy implications does the uneven demographic transition have for states like Kerala and Bihar?
The RBI advises ageing states like Kerala to rationalize subsidies and youthful states like Bihar to invest in human capital. This means Kerala may need to cut back on some social programs, while Bihar needs to focus on education and skills training.
5. What are the potential downsides of the RBI's recommendations for states undergoing demographic transition?
The RBI's fiscal advice may not fully account for political undertones. Southern states face lower central tax devolution and reduced parliamentary representation. Youthful states struggle with stagnating education spending and employability issues amid manufacturing automation and AI.
6. Why is the demographic transition in India in the news recently?
The demographic transition in India is in the news due to a recent RBI report highlighting the uneven transition across states. This unevenness requires tailored state-level policies, sparking discussions and debates.
7. What are the important dates to remember regarding India's demographic transition, as per the provided context?
The key dates to remember are 2036, when Kerala and Tamil Nadu are projected to become ageing states, and 2031, beyond which Bihar, UP, and Jharkhand will see their working-age populations continue to rise.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Create a timeline to visualize the demographic shifts in different states.
8. What are the potential implications of manufacturing automation and AI on the demographic dividend in youthful states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh?
Manufacturing automation and AI could exacerbate employability issues in youthful states. Even with a growing working-age population, these states may struggle to provide enough jobs if industries increasingly rely on automation, leading to potential social and economic challenges.
9. What is the historical background of the demographic transition theory?
The demographic transition theory was first proposed by Warren Thompson in 1929. It describes the shift in population growth patterns from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as societies develop economically and socially.
10. What recent developments related to India's demographic dividend should UPSC aspirants be aware of?
UPSC aspirants should be aware of discussions around the skill gap and employment challenges, fluctuating unemployment rates indicated by PLFS data, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on existing inequalities and migration patterns.
बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न (MCQ)
1. भारत में जनसांख्यिकीय परिवर्तन के बारे में निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार करें: 1. जनसांख्यिकीय परिवर्तन की गति सभी राज्यों में एक समान है। 2. आने वाले वर्षों में केरल और तमिलनाडु जैसे राज्यों में बिहार और उत्तर प्रदेश जैसे राज्यों की तुलना में बुजुर्गों की आबादी का अनुपात अधिक होने की उम्मीद है। 3. बढ़ते स्वचालन (automation) और एआई (AI) को अपनाने से भारत के कार्यबल के लिए कोई चुनौती नहीं है। उपरोक्त कथनों में से कौन सा/से सही है/हैं?
- A.केवल 1 और 2
- B.केवल 2
- C.केवल 1 और 3
- D.1, 2 और 3
उत्तर देखें
सही उत्तर: B
कथन 1 गलत है: सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास, स्वास्थ्य सेवा तक पहुंच और सांस्कृतिक कारकों में अंतर के कारण भारतीय राज्यों में जनसांख्यिकीय परिवर्तन की गति अलग-अलग है। कथन 2 सही है: आरबीआई की रिपोर्ट में कहा गया है कि केरल और तमिलनाडु में बुजुर्गों की आबादी का अनुपात अधिक होने की उम्मीद है। कथन 3 गलत है: बढ़ते स्वचालन (automation) और एआई (AI) को अपनाने से भारत के कार्यबल के लिए महत्वपूर्ण चुनौतियां हैं, जिनमें नौकरी छूटना और फिर से कौशल सीखने की जरूरत शामिल है।
