संघवाद और केंद्र-राज्य संबंध (पर्यावरण) क्या है?
ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि
मुख्य प्रावधान
12 points- 1.
प्वाइंट 1: संविधान की सातवीं अनुसूची विधायी शक्तियों को संघ, राज्य और समवर्ती सूचियों में विभाजित करती है। पर्यावरण राज्य और समवर्ती दोनों सूचियों में आता है।
- 2.
प्वाइंट 2: संघ सूची केंद्र को अंतर-राज्यीय नदियों और घाटियों, समुद्री क्षेत्रों और परमाणु ऊर्जा पर कानून बनाने की अनुमति देती है, जिनका पर्यावरण पर प्रभाव पड़ता है।
- 3.
प्वाइंट 3: राज्य सूची राज्यों को जल आपूर्ति, सिंचाई, जल निकासी, स्वच्छता और कृषि पर कानून बनाने का अधिकार देती है, जो सीधे पर्यावरण प्रबंधन को प्रभावित करते हैं।
- 4.
प्वाइंट 4: समवर्ती सूची केंद्र और राज्यों दोनों को वन, वन्यजीव संरक्षण और पर्यावरण प्रदूषण पर कानून बनाने की अनुमति देती है। हालांकि, संघर्ष की स्थिति में केंद्रीय कानून मान्य होते हैं।
- 5.
प्वाइंट 5: अनुच्छेद 252 संसद को राज्य सूची में किसी भी मामले पर कानून बनाने की अनुमति देता है यदि दो या अधिक राज्य अनुरोध करते हैं।
- 6.
प्वाइंट 6: पर्यावरण (सुरक्षा) अधिनियम, 1986 केंद्र सरकार को पर्यावरण की रक्षा और सुधार के लिए उपाय करने के लिए व्यापक अधिकार देता है। यह कभी-कभी राज्य के फैसलों को भी बदल सकता है।
- 7.
प्वाइंट 7: राज्य प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड (SPCB) राज्य स्तर पर पर्यावरण कानूनों और विनियमों को लागू करने के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। वे उद्योगों को संचालित करने के लिए सहमति जारी करते हैं।
- 8.
प्वाइंट 8: राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण (NGT) के पास पर्यावरण विवादों पर अधिकार क्षेत्र है और वह SPCB के फैसलों के खिलाफ अपील सुन सकता है।
- 9.
प्वाइंट 9: 'सार्वजनिक ट्रस्ट सिद्धांत' की अवधारणा कहती है कि सरकार प्राकृतिक संसाधनों की ट्रस्टी है और उसे जनता के लाभ के लिए उनकी रक्षा करनी चाहिए। यह अक्सर पर्यावरण मुकदमेबाजी में लागू होता है।
- 10.
प्वाइंट 10: 'प्रदूषक भुगतान करता है' का सिद्धांत कहता है कि जो प्रदूषण करते हैं उन्हें उसे ठीक करने की लागत वहन करनी चाहिए। यह पर्यावरण कानून में एक महत्वपूर्ण सिद्धांत है।
- 11.
प्वाइंट 11: पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन (EIA) एक प्रस्तावित परियोजना के संभावित पर्यावरणीय प्रभावों का आकलन करने की एक प्रक्रिया है। EIA प्रक्रिया में केंद्रीय और राज्य दोनों एजेंसियां शामिल हैं।
- 12.
प्वाइंट 12: वन संरक्षण एक साझा जिम्मेदारी है। केंद्र के पास वन (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1980 के तहत वनों की कटाई और गैर-वन उद्देश्यों के लिए वन भूमि के परिवर्तन को विनियमित करने की शक्ति है।
दृश्य सामग्री
Federalism and Environment Management
Illustrates the division of powers and responsibilities between the Centre and States in environmental management.
Federalism & Environment
- ●Union List
- ●State List
- ●Concurrent List
- ●Environment Protection Act
हालिया विकास
10 विकासThe Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has been revising environmental regulations to streamline project approvals (2020-2024).
There are ongoing debates about the balance between environmental protection and economic development, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas.
The government is promoting green technologies and renewable energy sources to reduce pollution and carbon emissions.
The Supreme Court and NGT have played a significant role in enforcing environmental laws and holding polluters accountable.
Increased public awareness and activism are putting pressure on governments and industries to adopt more sustainable practices.
The introduction of the Environment Performance Index (EPI) to rank states based on environmental performance.
Amendments to the EIA notification are being debated, with concerns raised about potential weakening of environmental safeguards (2020).
The Centre is pushing for a 'One Nation, One Environment' approach, which raises concerns about state autonomy.
Increased focus on climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies at both central and state levels.
The Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) funds are being used for afforestation and conservation activities in states.
विभिन्न समाचारों में यह अवधारणा
1 विषयसामान्य प्रश्न
121. What is Federalism and Centre-State Relations in the context of the environment, and what is its constitutional basis?
Federalism, in this context, refers to the division of powers between the central government and state governments regarding environmental issues, as defined by the Constitution. Centre-State relations define how they interact. The constitutional basis lies in Article 246 and the Seventh Schedule, which divides legislative powers.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember Article 246 and the Seventh Schedule for the division of powers.
2. What are the key provisions related to Federalism and Centre-State Relations in environmental legislation?
Key provisions include the Seventh Schedule's division of powers into Union, State, and Concurrent Lists. The Union List allows the Centre to legislate on inter-state rivers, while the State List empowers States on water supply and sanitation. The Concurrent List allows both to legislate on forests and wildlife, but central laws prevail in case of conflict. Article 252 allows Parliament to legislate on State List matters if requested by two or more states.
- •Seventh Schedule: Division of powers (Union, State, Concurrent Lists)
- •Union List: Centre can legislate on inter-state rivers
- •State List: States can legislate on water supply and sanitation
- •Concurrent List: Both can legislate on forests and wildlife
- •Article 252: Parliament can legislate on State List matters if requested
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on the three lists of the Seventh Schedule and Article 252.
3. What are the important articles related to environmental protection and Centre-State relations?
Important articles include Article 48A (Directive Principles) directing the State to protect the environment, and Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duties) imposing a duty on citizens to protect the environment. Article 246 and the Seventh Schedule are also crucial for defining legislative powers.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember Articles 48A and 51A(g) for environmental protection duties.
4. How does Federalism and Centre-State Relations work in practice regarding environmental management?
In practice, the Centre sets broad environmental policies and standards, while States implement them. This often involves coordination through bodies like the MoEFCC. Conflicts can arise when economic development priorities clash with environmental protection goals at the state level.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Understand that the Centre sets policy, and States implement, leading to potential conflicts.
5. What are the limitations of the current framework of Federalism and Centre-State Relations in environmental governance?
Limitations include potential conflicts between the Centre and States over resource allocation and environmental clearances. States may prioritize economic development over environmental protection, leading to unsustainable practices. The overlapping jurisdiction between the Union and Concurrent Lists can also create confusion and delays.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Consider the potential for conflicts between development and environment.
6. What is the significance of Federalism and Centre-State Relations in environmental protection in India?
Federalism allows for decentralized environmental management, enabling States to address local environmental issues effectively. Centre-State cooperation is crucial for tackling national and trans-boundary environmental challenges like air pollution and climate change. It ensures a balance between national environmental goals and state-specific needs.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Recognize the importance of both decentralized management and Centre-State cooperation.
7. What are the challenges in the implementation of environmental policies given the federal structure of India?
Challenges include varying levels of commitment and capacity among States, potential conflicts over resource allocation, and delays in obtaining environmental clearances due to bureaucratic hurdles. Balancing economic development with environmental protection at the state level is also a significant challenge.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Consider the practical difficulties in harmonizing environmental goals across different states.
8. What reforms have been suggested to improve Centre-State relations in environmental governance?
Suggested reforms include strengthening inter-state coordination mechanisms, providing financial incentives for States to adopt sustainable practices, and streamlining environmental clearance processes. Greater transparency and public participation in environmental decision-making are also recommended.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on reforms that promote cooperation and streamline processes.
9. How has the concept of Federalism and Centre-State Relations in environmental matters evolved over time in India?
Initially, environmental issues were not a major focus. After 1947, increasing industrialization led to environmental degradation concerns. The 1972 Stockholm Conference influenced India to enact environmental laws like the Water Act (1974) and the Environment Protection Act (1986), giving the Centre broad powers. Over time, States have demanded more autonomy in environmental management.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Note the shift from initial neglect to central legislation and then to demands for state autonomy.
10. What is the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and how do they relate to Centre-State relations?
The Water Act (1974) and the Environment (Protection) Act (1986) are key environmental legislations. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 gave broad powers to the Centre, influencing Centre-State relations by centralizing environmental regulation. These acts demonstrate the Centre's role in setting national standards, while States are responsible for implementation.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Understand that these Acts increased the Centre's power in environmental regulation.
11. What is your opinion on the balance between environmental protection and economic development in the context of Centre-State relations?
Balancing environmental protection and economic development is crucial. States often prioritize economic growth, leading to environmental degradation. A cooperative approach, where the Centre provides financial and technical assistance to States for sustainable development, is essential. Stricter enforcement of environmental regulations and greater public awareness are also necessary.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Frame your answer to show the need for balance and cooperation.
12. What are some recent developments in Federalism and Centre-State Relations regarding environmental issues?
Recent developments include the MoEFCC revising environmental regulations to streamline project approvals (2020-2024). There are ongoing debates about balancing environmental protection and economic development, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas. The government is also promoting green technologies and renewable energy sources.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on recent policy changes and debates.