सुरक्षा मामलों में केंद्र-राज्य समन्वय क्या है?
ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि
मुख्य प्रावधान
12 points- 1.
प्वाइंट 1: भारत का संविधान केंद्र और राज्यों के बीच विधायी शक्तियों को संघ सूची, राज्य सूची और समवर्ती सूची के माध्यम से विभाजित करता है। सुरक्षा से जुड़े मामले तीनों सूचियों में मौजूद हैं।
- 2.
प्वाइंट 2: अनुच्छेद 355 संघ को हर राज्य को बाहरी आक्रमण और आंतरिक अशांति से बचाने का अधिकार देता है। यह केंद्र को कुछ परिस्थितियों में राज्य के सुरक्षा मामलों में हस्तक्षेप करने की शक्ति देता है।
- 3.
प्वाइंट 3: अनुच्छेद 263 के तहत स्थापित अंतर-राज्य परिषद, सुरक्षा सहित सामान्य हित के मुद्दों पर चर्चा और समन्वय के लिए एक मंच प्रदान करती है।
- 4.
प्वाइंट 4: राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण (NDMA) प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से निपटने के लिए समन्वय करता है, जिसके लिए अक्सर सुरक्षा और बचाव कार्यों में केंद्र-राज्य सहयोग की आवश्यकता होती है।
- 5.
प्वाइंट 5: खुफिया जानकारी साझा करना ज़रूरी है। खुफिया ब्यूरो (IB) और अन्य केंद्रीय एजेंसियां राज्य खुफिया एजेंसियों के साथ जानकारी साझा करती हैं।
- 6.
प्वाइंट 6: आतंकवाद या नक्सलवाद जैसे विशिष्ट खतरों से निपटने के लिए अक्सर केंद्रीय और राज्य सुरक्षा बलों द्वारा संयुक्त कार्य बल और अभियान चलाए जाते हैं।
- 7.
प्वाइंट 7: गृह मंत्रालय (MHA) सुरक्षा मामलों में केंद्र-राज्य समन्वय के लिए नोडल मंत्रालय है। यह राज्यों को मार्गदर्शन, सहायता और संसाधन प्रदान करता है।
- 8.
प्वाइंट 8: केंद्र द्वारा राज्यों को उनकी पुलिस बलों के आधुनिकीकरण और उनके सुरक्षा बुनियादी ढांचे में सुधार के लिए वित्तीय सहायता प्रदान की जाती है। केंद्र सरकार पुलिस आधुनिकीकरण के लिए राज्यों को धन देती है।
- 9.
प्वाइंट 9: सुरक्षा चुनौतियों पर चर्चा करने और रणनीतियों का समन्वय करने के लिए केंद्रीय और राज्य अधिकारियों के बीच नियमित बैठकें और सम्मेलन आयोजित किए जाते हैं।
- 10.
प्वाइंट 10: 'सहकारी संघवाद' की अवधारणा सुरक्षा सहित सभी क्षेत्रों में केंद्र और राज्यों के बीच आपसी विश्वास और सहयोग की आवश्यकता पर ज़ोर देती है।
- 11.
प्वाइंट 11: NIA अधिनियम NIA को भारत की संप्रभुता, सुरक्षा और अखंडता को प्रभावित करने वाले कुछ अपराधों की जांच राज्य सरकार की सहमति के बिना भी करने की अनुमति देता है।
- 12.
प्वाइंट 12: राज्यों में केंद्रीय सशस्त्र पुलिस बलों (CAPF) का उपयोग करने के लिए राज्य सरकार की सहमति की आवश्यकता होती है, सिवाय गंभीर आपातकाल के मामलों में।
हालिया विकास
8 विकासIn 2023, the MHA launched a national strategy to counter cyber threats, requiring close Centre-State coordination.
Increased focus on intelligence sharing through the Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) and its State-level counterparts.
The government is promoting the use of technology for policing and security, such as CCTV surveillance and facial recognition, requiring coordinated implementation across States.
Ongoing discussions on reforming the police forces to make them more effective and accountable, involving consultations with State governments.
The rise of cross-border terrorism and organized crime necessitates even closer Centre-State cooperation.
In 2024, several states participated in joint anti-narcotics operations coordinated by the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB).
The Union Government has been urging states to implement the Model Police Act to bring uniformity in policing across the country.
Increased use of video conferencing for regular security review meetings between the MHA and State officials.
विभिन्न समाचारों में यह अवधारणा
1 विषयसामान्य प्रश्न
121. What is Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters and what is its constitutional basis?
Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters refers to the cooperation between the central and state governments to maintain internal and national security. The constitutional basis lies in the division of powers and responsibilities outlined in the Constitution of India, particularly Article 355 and Article 263.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember that while the Constitution divides powers, security requires a unified approach. Focus on Articles 263 and 355.
2. What are the key constitutional provisions related to Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters?
The key constitutional provisions include: * Article 355: Empowers the Union to protect states against external aggression and internal disturbance. * Article 263: Provides for the establishment of an Inter-State Council to discuss issues of common interest.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on Articles 355 and 263. Understand the powers they grant to the Union government.
3. How has Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters evolved over time?
Initially, the focus was on maintaining law and order. The rise of insurgency and terrorism led to a more coordinated approach. The Sarkaria Commission recommended strengthening Centre-State relations in security matters. The establishment of the Inter-State Council was a significant step.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Note the shift from basic law and order to addressing complex security threats like terrorism.
4. What are the challenges in the implementation of effective Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters?
Challenges include differing priorities, lack of trust, inadequate intelligence sharing, and resource constraints. States may feel that the Centre is encroaching on their autonomy, while the Centre may feel that states are not doing enough to maintain security.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Consider the practical difficulties arising from differing political and administrative contexts.
5. What reforms have been suggested to improve Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters?
Suggested reforms include strengthening the Inter-State Council, improving intelligence sharing mechanisms (like the Multi-Agency Centre), providing more resources to states for security modernization, and establishing joint training programs for police forces.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on practical steps to enhance cooperation and address existing gaps.
6. How does Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters work in practice?
In practice, it involves regular meetings between central and state officials, intelligence sharing through agencies like the IB and MAC, deployment of central forces to assist states during crises, and joint operations against insurgents and terrorists. The NDMA coordinates disaster response.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Think of real-world examples like disaster response or counter-terrorism operations to understand the practical aspects.
7. What is the significance of Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters in Indian democracy?
It is crucial for maintaining the integrity and sovereignty of India. Effective coordination ensures that threats to national security are addressed effectively, while respecting the federal structure of the country. It balances the need for a strong central authority with the autonomy of states.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Relate it to the broader principles of federalism and national security.
8. What are the limitations of the existing Centre-State Coordination mechanisms in security matters?
Limitations include delays in information sharing, lack of standardized protocols, and inadequate capacity building at the state level. Political differences can also hinder effective coordination.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Consider practical challenges like bureaucratic hurdles and political considerations.
9. What is the role of the Inter-State Council in Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters?
The Inter-State Council, established under Article 263, provides a platform for discussion and recommendation on issues of common interest, including security. It facilitates dialogue and helps resolve disputes between the Centre and States.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember that the Inter-State Council is primarily a recommendatory body.
10. What is the significance of Article 355 in the context of Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters?
Article 355 empowers the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance. This gives the Centre the power to intervene in a State's security matters under certain circumstances, ensuring national security is not compromised.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Understand that Article 355 is a crucial provision that allows the Centre to intervene in state matters under specific conditions.
11. How does the recent focus on technology for policing and security impact Centre-State Coordination?
The increased use of technology, such as CCTV surveillance and facial recognition, requires coordinated implementation across States. This necessitates common standards, data sharing protocols, and training programs to ensure effective use and prevent misuse.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Consider how technology can both enhance and complicate Centre-State relations in security matters.
12. What are some frequently asked aspects of Centre-State Coordination in Security Matters in the UPSC exam?
Frequently asked aspects include the constitutional provisions (Articles 263 and 355), the role of the Inter-State Council, challenges in implementation, and recent developments like the focus on technology and intelligence sharing. Questions often relate to GS-2 (Polity and Governance) and GS-3 (Internal Security).
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on understanding the constitutional framework, practical challenges, and recent initiatives to improve coordination.