केंद्र-राज्य संबंध (उग्रवाद से निपटने में समन्वय) क्या है?
ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि
मुख्य प्रावधान
12 points- 1.
पॉइंट 1: संविधान की सातवीं अनुसूची केंद्र और राज्यों के बीच शक्तियों को बांटती है। 'सार्वजनिक व्यवस्था' और 'पुलिस' राज्य के विषय हैं (सूची II), लेकिन केंद्र राज्यों की सहायता के लिए सशस्त्र बलों को भेज सकता है (सूची I)।
- 2.
पॉइंट 2: अनुच्छेद 355 केंद्र को हर राज्य को बाहरी आक्रमण और आंतरिक गड़बड़ी से बचाने का अधिकार देता है। इससे केंद्र को उग्रवाद की स्थितियों में हस्तक्षेप करने की अनुमति मिलती है।
- 3.
पॉइंट 3: गृह मंत्रालय (MHA) आंतरिक सुरक्षा पर केंद्र-राज्य समन्वय के लिए नोडल एजेंसी है। यह वित्तीय सहायता, खुफिया जानकारी और CAPF की तैनाती प्रदान करता है।
- 4.
पॉइंट 4: केंद्र राज्यों को सुरक्षा संबंधी व्यय (SRE) योजना जैसी विभिन्न योजनाओं के तहत धन प्रदान करता है ताकि उन्हें उग्रवाद से निपटने में मदद मिल सके।
- 5.
पॉइंट 5: मल्टी-एजेंसी सेंटर (MAC) विभिन्न केंद्रीय और राज्य एजेंसियों के बीच खुफिया जानकारी साझा करने का एक मंच है।
- 6.
पॉइंट 6: अंतर-राज्यीय चरमपंथी समूहों से निपटने के लिए केंद्र द्वारा अक्सर कई राज्यों की पुलिस बलों को शामिल करने वाले संयुक्त अभियानों का समन्वय किया जाता है।
- 7.
पॉइंट 7: केंद्र राज्य पुलिस बलों को उग्रवाद से निपटने की उनकी क्षमताओं को बढ़ाने के लिए प्रशिक्षण और उपकरण प्रदान करता है।
- 8.
पॉइंट 8: वामपंथी उग्रवाद (LWE) से निपटने के लिए राष्ट्रीय नीति और कार्य योजना एक व्यापक रणनीति की रूपरेखा तैयार करती है जिसमें सुरक्षा उपाय, विकास पहल और सुशासन शामिल हैं।
- 9.
पॉइंट 9: केंद्र गैरकानूनी गतिविधियाँ (रोकथाम) अधिनियम (UAPA) के तहत किसी संगठन को 'आतंकवादी संगठन' घोषित कर सकता है, जो उसके सदस्यों और गतिविधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की अनुमति देता है।
- 10.
पॉइंट 10: केंद्र और राज्य अक्सर रणनीतियों पर चर्चा करने और उग्रवाद से संबंधित चुनौतियों का समाधान करने के लिए संयुक्त बैठकें और सम्मेलन आयोजित करते हैं।
- 11.
पॉइंट 11: किसी राज्य में CAPF की तैनाती के लिए राज्य सरकार की सहमति की आवश्यकता होती है, जो संघवाद के सिद्धांत को दर्शाती है।
- 12.
पॉइंट 12: आत्मसमर्पण और पुनर्वास नीतियां व्यक्तिगत राज्यों द्वारा बनाई जाती हैं, लेकिन केंद्र उनके कार्यान्वयन के लिए दिशानिर्देश और वित्तीय सहायता प्रदान करता है।
हालिया विकास
10 विकासIn 2023, the MHA reviewed the security situation in LWE-affected areas and emphasized the need for better coordination between central and state forces.
The government is increasingly focusing on development initiatives in LWE-affected areas to address the root causes of extremism.
There is ongoing debate about the use of technology, such as drones and surveillance equipment, in anti-Naxal operations, raising concerns about privacy and human rights.
Several States have revised their surrender and rehabilitation policies to encourage Maoists to lay down arms.
The MHA has been promoting the use of a 'focused approach' in anti-Naxal operations, targeting specific areas and leaders instead of large-scale operations.
Increased use of intelligence sharing through the MAC has led to more successful operations against Maoists in recent years.
The government is working on improving road connectivity and infrastructure in LWE-affected areas to facilitate development and security operations.
The Supreme Court has issued guidelines on the use of force by security forces in anti-Naxal operations, emphasizing the need to respect human rights.
The Centre has been urging States to fill vacancies in police forces and improve their training to enhance their capacity to deal with extremism.
The NIA (National Investigation Agency) is increasingly involved in investigating cases related to Maoist activities, reflecting a greater role for the Centre in tackling extremism.
विभिन्न समाचारों में यह अवधारणा
1 विषयसामान्य प्रश्न
121. What is Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism, and what is its constitutional basis?
Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism refers to the cooperation between the central government and state governments to address extremist threats like Naxalism. The constitutional basis lies in the division of powers under the Seventh Schedule, where 'Public Order' and 'Police' are State subjects, but the Centre can deploy armed forces to assist States. Article 355 empowers the Centre to protect States against internal disturbance.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember Article 355 and the Seventh Schedule for Prelims. For Mains, emphasize the cooperative federalism aspect.
2. What are the key provisions that enable Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism?
Key provisions include: * The Seventh Schedule, which divides powers but allows the Centre to deploy forces to assist States. * Article 355, empowering the Centre to protect States from internal disturbance. * The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) as the nodal agency for coordination. * Financial assistance to States through schemes like Security Related Expenditure (SRE). * The Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) for intelligence sharing.
- •The Seventh Schedule allows Centre to deploy forces.
- •Article 355 empowers Centre to protect States.
- •MHA is the nodal agency.
- •SRE provides financial assistance.
- •MAC facilitates intelligence sharing.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on the roles of the Seventh Schedule, Article 355, MHA, SRE, and MAC.
3. How does Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism work in practice?
In practice, Centre-State coordination involves: * Intelligence sharing through the MAC. * Joint planning of operations against extremist groups. * Deployment of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) to assist State police. * Financial assistance from the Centre to the States under schemes like SRE. * Regular meetings and consultations between central and state officials.
- •Intelligence sharing through MAC
- •Joint planning of operations
- •CAPF deployment to assist State police
- •Financial assistance through SRE
- •Regular meetings and consultations
परीक्षा युक्ति
Give examples of how intelligence sharing and joint operations lead to successful outcomes.
4. What are the challenges in the implementation of Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism?
Challenges include: * Trust deficits between central and state agencies. * Lack of real-time intelligence sharing. * Coordination problems during joint operations. * Delays in fund disbursement from the Centre. * Different priorities and approaches of the Centre and States.
- •Trust deficits between agencies
- •Lack of real-time intelligence
- •Coordination problems during operations
- •Delays in fund disbursement
- •Different priorities and approaches
परीक्षा युक्ति
Highlight issues related to trust, intelligence sharing, and operational coordination.
5. What reforms have been suggested to improve Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism?
Suggested reforms include: * Strengthening the Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) for better intelligence sharing. * Establishing a unified command structure for joint operations. * Increasing financial assistance to States and ensuring timely disbursement. * Improving training and capacity building of State police forces. * Addressing the root causes of extremism through development initiatives.
- •Strengthening MAC
- •Establishing unified command
- •Increasing financial assistance
- •Improving police training
- •Addressing root causes through development
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on practical solutions like strengthening intelligence sharing and improving coordination mechanisms.
6. What is the significance of Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism for Indian democracy?
Effective Centre-State coordination is crucial for maintaining internal security and upholding the rule of law. It ensures that extremist threats are addressed effectively, protecting citizens' rights and promoting stability. It also strengthens cooperative federalism, where the Centre and States work together for the common good.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Relate the concept to broader themes of internal security, cooperative federalism, and democratic governance.
7. What are the important articles/sections related to Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism?
Important articles and sections include: * The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, which divides powers between the Centre and States. * Article 355, which empowers the Centre to protect States against internal disturbance.
- •Seventh Schedule (division of powers)
- •Article 355 (Centre's duty to protect States)
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on understanding the scope and implications of these articles for Centre-State relations.
8. How has Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism evolved over time?
Initially, States handled extremism on their own. As Naxal groups spread, the Centre began providing financial and logistical support in the 1980s. The establishment of the Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) in 2001 improved intelligence sharing. Now, there's a greater focus on development initiatives alongside security measures.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Trace the evolution from state-led efforts to a more coordinated, Centre-supported approach.
9. What are frequently asked aspects of Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism in UPSC exams?
Frequently asked aspects include: * Constitutional provisions enabling Centre-State coordination. * The role of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). * Challenges in implementation and suggested reforms. * The impact on internal security and cooperative federalism.
- •Constitutional provisions
- •Role of MHA
- •Implementation challenges
- •Impact on internal security
परीक्षा युक्ति
Prepare notes on constitutional provisions, MHA's role, challenges, reforms, and the impact on internal security.
10. What are the limitations of Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism?
Limitations include: * Over-reliance on security-centric approaches without addressing root causes. * Inadequate focus on development and socio-economic issues in affected areas. * Difficulties in achieving a unified command structure during joint operations. * Concerns about human rights violations during anti-Naxal operations.
- •Over-reliance on security
- •Inadequate focus on development
- •Difficulties in unified command
- •Human rights concerns
परीक्षा युक्ति
Critically evaluate the effectiveness of Centre-State coordination and identify areas for improvement.
11. What is your opinion on the use of technology, such as drones and surveillance equipment, in anti-Naxal operations, considering Centre-State coordination?
The use of technology can enhance operational effectiveness and intelligence gathering. However, it raises concerns about privacy and potential human rights violations. Effective Centre-State coordination is essential to ensure that technology is used responsibly and within legal frameworks, balancing security needs with individual rights.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Present a balanced view, acknowledging both the benefits and risks of using technology in anti-Naxal operations.
12. What is the difference between Centre-State coordination in tackling extremism and normal law and order situations?
While 'Public Order' is primarily a State subject, extremism often has inter-state and national security implications. This necessitates greater Centre-State coordination involving intelligence sharing, financial assistance, and deployment of central forces, which is not always required in normal law and order situations.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Highlight the inter-state and national security dimensions of extremism that necessitate greater Centre-State coordination.