Characterized by sustained armed violence between state and non-state actors, or between non-state actors, often reaching a certain threshold of intensity and casualties.

Often involves high levels of civilian casualties, massive displacement of populations (internal and refugees), and severe humanitarian crises.

Causes are multi-faceted: ethnic/religious tensions, resource scarcity, political exclusion, economic inequality, weak state institutions, external interference, and ideological differences.

Can lead to state fragility or state failure, where the government loses effective control over its territory or population.

Frequently results in widespread human rights violations, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.

Has significant regional and international implications, including refugee flows, cross-border instability, spread of extremism, and international intervention.

Resolution often involves complex processes like peace negotiations, power-sharing agreements, disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs, and post-conflict reconstruction.

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine can be invoked by the international community in cases of mass atrocities during civil conflicts.

The presence of non-state armed groups, including terrorist organizations, is a common feature of modern internal conflicts.

Characterized by sustained armed violence between state and non-state actors, or between non-state actors, often reaching a certain threshold of intensity and casualties.

Often involves high levels of civilian casualties, massive displacement of populations (internal and refugees), and severe humanitarian crises.

Causes are multi-faceted: ethnic/religious tensions, resource scarcity, political exclusion, economic inequality, weak state institutions, external interference, and ideological differences.

Can lead to state fragility or state failure, where the government loses effective control over its territory or population.

Frequently results in widespread human rights violations, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.

Has significant regional and international implications, including refugee flows, cross-border instability, spread of extremism, and international intervention.

Resolution often involves complex processes like peace negotiations, power-sharing agreements, disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs, and post-conflict reconstruction.

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine can be invoked by the international community in cases of mass atrocities during civil conflicts.

The presence of non-state armed groups, including terrorist organizations, is a common feature of modern internal conflicts.