A mind map explaining the concept of underemployment, its different forms, underlying causes, socio-economic impacts, and the policy measures adopted to address it in India.
A mind map explaining the concept of underemployment, its different forms, underlying causes, socio-economic impacts, and the policy measures adopted to address it in India.
Visible (Fewer hours than desired)
Invisible (Skills underutilized)
Disguised (More people than needed)
Seasonal (Work only certain periods)
Lack of Adequate Job Creation
Skill Mismatch & Poor Education
Structural Economic Issues
Seasonality of Sectors
Lower Incomes & Poverty
Reduced Productivity & Growth
Social Frustration & Migration
Employment Guarantee Schemes (MGNREGA, VB G RAM G)
Skill Development & Vocational Training
Promotion of Non-Farm Sectors
Investment in Rural Infrastructure
Visible (Fewer hours than desired)
Invisible (Skills underutilized)
Disguised (More people than needed)
Seasonal (Work only certain periods)
Lack of Adequate Job Creation
Skill Mismatch & Poor Education
Structural Economic Issues
Seasonality of Sectors
Lower Incomes & Poverty
Reduced Productivity & Growth
Social Frustration & Migration
Employment Guarantee Schemes (MGNREGA, VB G RAM G)
Skill Development & Vocational Training
Promotion of Non-Farm Sectors
Investment in Rural Infrastructure
Visible Underemployment: Individuals working part-time when they desire full-time work.
Invisible Underemployment: Individuals working full-time but in jobs that do not match their skills or education (e.g., a highly qualified engineer working as a clerk).
Disguised Underemployment: Prevalent in agriculture, where many family members share work that could be done by fewer, leading to zero marginal productivity of labour.
Seasonal Underemployment: Common in sectors like agriculture, where work is available only during certain seasons, leaving workers idle for the rest of the year.
Causes: Lack of adequate job creation, skill mismatch, structural economic issues, seasonality of certain sectors, and lack of access to capital for self-employment.
Impact: Lower incomes, reduced productivity, slower economic growth, social frustration, and perpetuation of poverty.
Measurement: Difficult to measure accurately compared to unemployment. Often assessed through labour force surveys that capture hours worked and desire for more work.
Policy Responses: Employment guarantee schemes, skill development programs, promotion of non-farm sectors, and investment in rural infrastructure.
A mind map explaining the concept of underemployment, its different forms, underlying causes, socio-economic impacts, and the policy measures adopted to address it in India.
Underemployment in India
Visible Underemployment: Individuals working part-time when they desire full-time work.
Invisible Underemployment: Individuals working full-time but in jobs that do not match their skills or education (e.g., a highly qualified engineer working as a clerk).
Disguised Underemployment: Prevalent in agriculture, where many family members share work that could be done by fewer, leading to zero marginal productivity of labour.
Seasonal Underemployment: Common in sectors like agriculture, where work is available only during certain seasons, leaving workers idle for the rest of the year.
Causes: Lack of adequate job creation, skill mismatch, structural economic issues, seasonality of certain sectors, and lack of access to capital for self-employment.
Impact: Lower incomes, reduced productivity, slower economic growth, social frustration, and perpetuation of poverty.
Measurement: Difficult to measure accurately compared to unemployment. Often assessed through labour force surveys that capture hours worked and desire for more work.
Policy Responses: Employment guarantee schemes, skill development programs, promotion of non-farm sectors, and investment in rural infrastructure.
A mind map explaining the concept of underemployment, its different forms, underlying causes, socio-economic impacts, and the policy measures adopted to address it in India.
Underemployment in India
