Strait of Hormuz

The Strait of Hormuz is governed by the principle of transit passage, as defined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This means that ships and aircraft from all nations have the right to pass through the Strait unimpeded, as long as they do so in a continuous and expeditious manner. This is crucial for maintaining free flow of commerce.

Despite the UNCLOS provisions, Iran has often threatened to close the Strait in response to sanctions or military pressure. While a complete closure is unlikely due to international repercussions, even a partial disruption can send shockwaves through the global economy. For example, naval exercises by Iran can temporarily disrupt shipping and increase insurance costs.

The Strait is relatively shallow, with depths ranging from 30 to 90 meters (100 to 300 feet). This makes it vulnerable to mining. Iran has, in the past, demonstrated its ability to lay mines in the Strait, posing a significant threat to shipping. This is a relatively low-cost, high-impact tactic.

Several countries, including Saudi Arabia and the UAE, have invested in alternative pipeline routes to bypass the Strait of Hormuz. However, these pipelines have limited capacity and cannot fully replace the Strait. For example, the East-West Pipeline in Saudi Arabia can transport about 5 million barrels per day, a fraction of the total volume passing through the Strait.

The US Navy's Fifth Fleet is headquartered in Bahrain, a small island nation in the Persian Gulf. Its primary mission is to ensure the free flow of commerce through the Strait of Hormuz and to deter any potential threats. The presence of the Fifth Fleet is a constant reminder of the strategic importance of the region.

The relationship between Iran and Oman is particularly important for the Strait's security. Oman controls the southern side of the Strait and has often played a mediating role between Iran and the West. Oman's cooperation is crucial for any efforts to de-escalate tensions in the region.

The Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA), even though currently in limbo, directly impacts the Strait of Hormuz. When the deal was in effect, it eased tensions and reduced the likelihood of conflict. Its collapse has led to increased instability and a higher risk of disruptions.

The rise of drone warfare has added a new dimension to the security challenges in the Strait. Drones can be used for surveillance, reconnaissance, and even attacks on ships. This makes it more difficult to monitor and protect the waterway. A well-executed drone strike could significantly disrupt traffic.

India's energy security is directly linked to the Strait of Hormuz. Over 40% of India's crude oil imports pass through this waterway. Any disruption would significantly increase India's import bill and could lead to energy shortages. This is why India has been investing in diversifying its energy sources and building strategic petroleum reserves.

UPSC examiners often test your understanding of the geopolitical implications of the Strait of Hormuz. Expect questions on the countries involved, the potential for conflict, and the impact on global energy markets. Knowing the alternative routes and the role of international law is also crucial.