What is Naxalism?
Historical Background
Key Points
15 points- 1.
Naxalism is fundamentally an ideology that believes the existing state machinery is inherently corrupt and serves only the elite. Therefore, it advocates for its violent overthrow to establish a new system, often inspired by Maoist principles of people's war. This isn't just about policy disagreement; it's a rejection of the entire political and economic structure.
- 2.
The movement's primary objective is to champion the cause of the 'oppressed masses', particularly tribal communities and landless laborers, who they claim are exploited by the state, landlords, and corporations. They promise land redistribution and an end to exploitation, which resonates with some marginalized populations.
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In practice, Naxalism operates through armed cadres, often referred to as the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA). These groups engage in guerrilla warfare, ambushing security forces, and controlling territory. They also engage in extortion, levying 'taxes' on local businesses and development projects to fund their operations.
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Visual Insights
Evolution of Naxalism and Counter-Insurgency Efforts
This timeline traces the historical trajectory of Naxalism in India, from its origins to the recent declaration of victory, and highlights key counter-insurgency strategies and developments.
Naxalism emerged from socio-economic grievances and evolved into a complex insurgency. Counter-insurgency strategies have evolved from purely security-focused to a more integrated approach combining security, development, and intelligence.
- 1967Naxalbari Uprising in West Bengal, marking the origin of the Naxalite movement.
- Mid-2000sNaxalite movement at its peak, estimated 15,000-20,000 fighters, spanning a large 'Red Corridor'.
- 2004-2014UPA Government's approach to Naxalism, often characterized by a mix of security and development initiatives.
- 2010sSignificant drop in civilian and security force deaths (90% reduction since 2010).
- 2023-2026Intensive three-year paramilitary campaign, focusing on aggressive operations, intelligence, and development.
- 2025Significant successes reported: 364 insurgents killed, 1,022 arrested, 2,337 surrendered.
- 2026
Recent Real-World Examples
4 examplesIllustrated in 4 real-world examples from Mar 2020 to Apr 2026
Source Topic
India Declares Victory Over Naxalism: What's Next for Development?
Polity & GovernanceUPSC Relevance
Naxalism is a crucial topic for the UPSC Civil Services Exam, primarily for GS-3 (Internal Security, Development, Economy) and also relevant for GS-1 (Social Issues) and Essay papers. It frequently appears in Mains questions, often asking for an analysis of its root causes, impact on internal security and development, and the effectiveness of government strategies. Examiners test the ability to understand it as a complex socio-economic and political challenge, not just a law and order issue.
Recent developments, like the government's declaration of being 'Naxal-free', are highly relevant for current affairs-based questions. Students should be prepared to discuss the multi-pronged approach involving security, development, and rehabilitation, and critically analyze the long-term implications of such declarations.
Frequently Asked Questions
61. What is Naxalism and what are its root causes as understood for the UPSC exam?
Naxalism is a violent extremist ideology that originated from the 1967 Naxalbari uprising, aiming to overthrow the government and establish a communist society through armed struggle. Its root causes include land alienation, poverty, lack of development, social injustice, and tribal exploitation.
Exam Tip
Remember the key root causes: Land, Poverty, Lack of Development, Social Injustice, Tribal Exploitation. Use the acronym 'LPLST' to help remember.
2. What are the key ideological influences on Naxalism?
Naxalism is primarily influenced by Maoism and Marxism-Leninism. These ideologies advocate for armed revolution to overthrow existing power structures and establish a communist state.
Exam Tip
Focus on Maoism and Marxism-Leninism as the core ideologies. Understanding these ideologies will help in analyzing the Naxal movement's objectives and strategies.
