Article 15(4) and 15(5) enable the state to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
Article 16(4) allows the state to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.
Article 16(4A) provides for reservation in matters of promotion for SCs and STs, and Article 16(4B) allows carrying forward of unfilled reserved vacancies.
Article 46 mandates the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
Article 330 and 332 provide for reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, respectively.
The Indra Sawhney case (1992) Mandal Commission case capped total reservations at 50%, excluded the 'creamy layer' from OBC reservations, and disallowed reservation in promotions (later overturned for SC/STs by amendments).
The 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act 2019 introduced 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in educational institutions and government jobs, exceeding the 50% cap.
Article 15(4) and 15(5) enable the state to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
Article 16(4) allows the state to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.
Article 16(4A) provides for reservation in matters of promotion for SCs and STs, and Article 16(4B) allows carrying forward of unfilled reserved vacancies.
Article 46 mandates the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
Article 330 and 332 provide for reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, respectively.
The Indra Sawhney case (1992) Mandal Commission case capped total reservations at 50%, excluded the 'creamy layer' from OBC reservations, and disallowed reservation in promotions (later overturned for SC/STs by amendments).
The 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act 2019 introduced 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in educational institutions and government jobs, exceeding the 50% cap.
