Types: Can be land-based, maritime (e.g., continental shelf, exclusive economic zones), or air-space related.

Causes: Historical claims, ethnic ties, resource competition (water, oil, minerals), strategic locations, differing interpretations of treaties, colonial legacies, irredentism.

Resolution Mechanisms: Peaceful means (negotiation, mediation, arbitration, judicial settlement by ICJ), or coercive means (military action, economic sanctions).

International Law: Emphasizes peaceful settlement of disputes (UN Charter Article 33) and prohibition of the use of force (UN Charter Article 2(4)).

Impact: Can lead to armed conflict, hinder regional integration, displace populations, disrupt trade, and divert resources from development.

Examples: India-China border dispute, South China Sea disputes, Israel-Palestine conflict, Russia-Ukraine conflict, various African border disputes.

Role of Maps: Historical maps, colonial maps, and modern satellite imagery play crucial roles in claims and counter-claims.

Uti Possidetis Juris: A principle of international law stating that newly formed sovereign states should retain the internal borders that existed before their independence.

Types: Can be land-based, maritime (e.g., continental shelf, exclusive economic zones), or air-space related.

Causes: Historical claims, ethnic ties, resource competition (water, oil, minerals), strategic locations, differing interpretations of treaties, colonial legacies, irredentism.

Resolution Mechanisms: Peaceful means (negotiation, mediation, arbitration, judicial settlement by ICJ), or coercive means (military action, economic sanctions).

International Law: Emphasizes peaceful settlement of disputes (UN Charter Article 33) and prohibition of the use of force (UN Charter Article 2(4)).

Impact: Can lead to armed conflict, hinder regional integration, displace populations, disrupt trade, and divert resources from development.

Examples: India-China border dispute, South China Sea disputes, Israel-Palestine conflict, Russia-Ukraine conflict, various African border disputes.

Role of Maps: Historical maps, colonial maps, and modern satellite imagery play crucial roles in claims and counter-claims.

Uti Possidetis Juris: A principle of international law stating that newly formed sovereign states should retain the internal borders that existed before their independence.