23 Feb 2026·Source: The Hindu

5 min

International RelationsNEWS

Iran asserts self-defense right, seeks diplomatic path with U.S.

Q: How might renewed tensions between the U.S. and Iran affect India?

Increased tensions could impact India in several ways: * Energy Security: Iran is a major oil supplier, and disruptions could raise prices. * Connectivity Projects: India's involvement in projects like the Chabahar Port could be jeopardized. * Regional Stability: Instability in the Middle East could have wider security implications for India. Key points: Energy Security: Iran is a major oil supplier, and disruptions could raise prices.. Connectivity Projects: India's involvement in projects like the Chabahar Port could be jeopardized.. Regional Stability: Instability in the Middle East could have wider security implications for India.

Iran signals readiness for war if nuclear talks fail with the U.S.

Talks between the United States and Iran are set to resume on Thursday in Geneva, Switzerland, according to Oman's foreign minister on Sunday, February 22, 2026. This follows Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi's indication of expecting discussions with senior U.S. negotiators regarding Iran's nuclear program. Araghchi mentioned ongoing efforts to refine the elements of a potential agreement, expressing optimism for a swift resolution. He also asserted Iran's right to self-defense in the event of a U.S. attack, while still hoping for a diplomatic solution.

Meanwhile, student-led protests persisted for a second day across Iranian universities, marked by clashes, as reported by Reuters. These demonstrations follow widespread anti-government unrest last month, resulting in thousands of deaths. Protesters have criticized Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and voiced support for Reza Pahlavi, the exiled son of Iran's former shah.

Amid these developments, former U.S. President Donald Trump issued a warning to Iran, setting a 10-15 day timeframe for reaching a nuclear agreement. He stated that failure to do so would be “unfortunate” for Iran. The U.S. seeks to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon, while Iran seeks relief from U.S. sanctions. Furthermore, it has been reported that Iran agreed to a secret €500 million arms deal with Russia to acquire advanced shoulder-fired missiles.

This situation is relevant for India due to its strategic interests in the Middle East and its energy security concerns. The outcome of these talks and the stability of the region can impact India's foreign policy and economic interests. This is relevant for UPSC exams, particularly GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Economy and Security).

Key Facts

Iran's Foreign Minister says a diplomatic solution is still possible.

U.S.-Iran talks are scheduled for Thursday in Geneva.

Iran is working on a draft proposal regarding its nuclear program.

Iran asserts its right to enrich uranium.

New anti-government protests have begun in Iran.

UPSC Exam Angles

GS Paper II (International Relations): Impact of Iran-US relations on regional stability and India's foreign policy.

GS Paper III (Economy): Impact of sanctions on Iran's economy and its implications for India's energy security.

GS Paper II (International Agreements): Understanding the provisions of the NPT and the JCPOA.

Potential Mains Question: Analyze the challenges and opportunities for India in the context of evolving Iran-US relations.

In Simple Words

Iran and the U.S. are still trying to talk about Iran's nuclear program. Iran says it has the right to defend itself if attacked. Oman is helping to set up meetings between the two countries to find a solution.

India Angle

India relies on stable relations in the Middle East for its energy needs. Any conflict between the U.S. and Iran could disrupt oil supplies and raise prices for Indian consumers.

For Instance

Think of it like negotiating with your neighbor about sharing a common wall. You both want to protect your interests, but talking is better than fighting.

This matters because a peaceful resolution can prevent another war in the Middle East, which could affect global oil prices and security.

Talking is better than fighting, especially when nuclear weapons are involved.

Iran's Foreign Minister stated a diplomatic solution remains possible regarding the nuclear issue during CBS interview. Oman's Foreign Minister announced U.S.-Iran talks are scheduled for Thursday in Geneva. Iran is working on the draft proposal, asserting its right to enrich uranium. New anti-government protests have begun in Iran, as university students demonstrated around memorials for thousands of people killed in a crackdown on previous nationwide demonstrations.

Expert Analysis

The ongoing tensions between Iran and the United States, and the potential for a renewed nuclear deal, require understanding several key concepts.

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which came into force in 1970, is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. Iran is a signatory to the NPT, which grants it the right to pursue peaceful nuclear energy, including uranium enrichment, under safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). However, the US and other nations are skeptical about Iran's intentions, fearing that its nuclear program could be used to develop weapons. The current negotiations hinge on ensuring Iran's compliance with the NPT and accepting enhanced verification measures.

Uranium Enrichment is a key process in the nuclear fuel cycle, increasing the concentration of the isotope Uranium-235 (U-235) in natural uranium to make it suitable for nuclear reactors or, at higher levels, for nuclear weapons. Iran's insistence on maintaining its uranium enrichment program is a major point of contention in negotiations with the US. While Iran argues that it needs enriched uranium for peaceful purposes, such as generating electricity, the US fears that it could be used to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons. The level of enrichment, the capacity of enrichment facilities, and the monitoring mechanisms are all critical aspects of the negotiations.

Sanctions Relief is the primary objective for Iran in the nuclear talks. The US has imposed various economic sanctions on Iran, targeting its oil exports, financial sector, and other industries. These sanctions have severely impacted Iran's economy, leading to inflation, unemployment, and social unrest. Iran seeks the lifting of these sanctions as a condition for complying with any new nuclear agreement. The scope and timing of sanctions relief are major sticking points in the negotiations, with the US demanding verifiable steps from Iran before providing significant economic benefits.

For UPSC aspirants, understanding these concepts is crucial for both Prelims and Mains. In Prelims, questions may focus on the provisions of the NPT, the process of uranium enrichment, and the impact of sanctions. In Mains, questions may require analyzing the geopolitical implications of the Iran nuclear issue, India's interests in the region, and the role of international organizations.

Visual Insights

Key Locations in Iran Nuclear Talks

Map showing Geneva (Switzerland) where US-Iran talks are scheduled and Oman, the mediator.

Loading interactive map...

📍Geneva📍Oman📍Iran

More Information

Background

The relationship between Iran and the United States has been complex and fraught with tension since the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The revolution led to the overthrow of the U.S.-backed Shah and the establishment of an Islamic Republic, resulting in a breakdown of diplomatic relations and mutual distrust. The Iran nuclear program has been a major source of contention, with the U.S. and its allies suspecting Iran of pursuing nuclear weapons, while Iran maintains its program is for peaceful purposes. Key milestones in the Iran-U.S. relationship include the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), also known as the Iran nuclear deal, which placed restrictions on Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. However, in 2018, the U.S. under President Trump unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA and reimposed sanctions on Iran, leading to increased tensions and a gradual rollback of Iran's commitments under the agreement. The current talks in Geneva are aimed at reviving the JCPOA and finding a way for both countries to return to compliance. The legal and diplomatic framework for these negotiations is based on international law, including the NPT, and resolutions of the United Nations Security Council. The U.S. seeks to ensure that Iran's nuclear program remains peaceful and verifiable, while Iran seeks to exercise its rights under the NPT and obtain relief from sanctions that have crippled its economy.

Latest Developments

In recent years, there have been several attempts to revive the JCPOA, but these efforts have been hampered by disagreements over sanctions relief and verification mechanisms. The Biden administration has expressed a willingness to return to the agreement, but has insisted that Iran must first return to full compliance. Iran, on the other hand, has demanded that the U.S. lift all sanctions before it resumes its commitments under the JCPOA. The current Iranian government, led by President Raisi, has taken a tougher stance in negotiations, demanding stronger guarantees that the U.S. will not withdraw from the agreement again. The recent protests in Iran, triggered by economic hardship and political repression, have added another layer of complexity to the situation. The outcome of the talks in Geneva will depend on the willingness of both sides to compromise and find a mutually acceptable solution. Looking ahead, the future of the Iran nuclear issue remains uncertain. If the JCPOA is revived, it could lead to greater stability in the region and a reduction in tensions between Iran and the U.S. However, if the talks fail, it could lead to further escalation and potentially even military conflict. The international community, including India, has a strong interest in finding a peaceful resolution to this issue.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Why are these U.S.-Iran talks happening NOW, after so much deadlock?

Several factors could be contributing to the timing. Both sides might be feeling economic pressure, creating an incentive to negotiate. Also, a new draft proposal from Iran could be seen as a basis for renewed talks. Finally, Oman's mediation efforts likely played a crucial role in bringing the parties back to the table.

2. How does this situation relate to the JCPOA, and why is it important?

The current talks are likely an attempt to revive the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action), also known as the Iran nuclear deal. The JCPOA aimed to limit Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. Its importance lies in preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons, which could destabilize the Middle East and lead to a nuclear arms race.

3. What specific detail about the Geneva talks might UPSC use as a Prelims question?

UPSC might ask about the role of Oman in mediating the talks. The question could be framed as: 'Which country recently played a key role in facilitating talks between the U.S. and Iran?' The distractors could be other Gulf countries like Qatar, UAE, or Saudi Arabia. Remember Oman's role!

Exam Tip

Remember that UPSC often tests on the specific location or mediator involved in international negotiations. Create a flashcard specifically for Oman's role in this negotiation.

4. If a Mains question asks to 'Critically examine Iran's foreign policy,' what points from this news could I use?

You could highlight Iran's dual approach: asserting its right to self-defense while simultaneously pursuing diplomatic solutions. This demonstrates a complex foreign policy that balances hard power and negotiation. Also, you can discuss the internal pressure from protests and how it affects Iran's negotiation power.

5. How might renewed tensions between the U.S. and Iran affect India?

Increased tensions could impact India in several ways: * Energy Security: Iran is a major oil supplier, and disruptions could raise prices. * Connectivity Projects: India's involvement in projects like the Chabahar Port could be jeopardized. * Regional Stability: Instability in the Middle East could have wider security implications for India.

•Energy Security: Iran is a major oil supplier, and disruptions could raise prices.
•Connectivity Projects: India's involvement in projects like the Chabahar Port could be jeopardized.
•Regional Stability: Instability in the Middle East could have wider security implications for India.

6. What is the government of India's official position on the Iran nuclear program?

India has consistently supported a peaceful resolution of the Iran nuclear issue through dialogue and diplomacy. India also likely supports the JCPOA framework, as it promotes regional stability. However, India has not made any official statements regarding the current talks.

7. Iran is asserting its 'right to self-defense.' What does this mean in international law?

In international law, the right to self-defense (Article 51 of the UN Charter) allows a country to use force in response to an armed attack. Iran is likely signaling that any attack by the U.S. on its nuclear facilities would be considered an act of aggression, justifying a military response.

8. What are the key differences between 'Uranium Enrichment' and building a 'Nuclear Weapon'?

Uranium enrichment is the process of increasing the concentration of Uranium-235 in Uranium. Low-enriched uranium can be used for nuclear power, while highly enriched uranium can be used for nuclear weapons. The key difference lies in the level of enrichment and the intention behind the process. Iran claims its enrichment is for peaceful purposes, but the international community is skeptical.

9. How do internal anti-government protests in Iran affect its negotiating position with the U.S.?

The protests weaken Iran's negotiating position. The Iranian government may be more willing to make concessions to the U.S. to stabilize the country and distract from internal problems. However, it could also make them more hardline to appear strong domestically.

10. Which UPSC paper is this news most relevant to, and from what angle?

This news is most relevant to GS Paper 2 (International Relations). The key angles to focus on are: * The U.S.-Iran relationship and its impact on regional stability. * India's interests in the Middle East. * The role of international organizations and diplomacy in resolving conflicts.

•The U.S.-Iran relationship and its impact on regional stability.
•India's interests in the Middle East.
•The role of international organizations and diplomacy in resolving conflicts.

Exam Tip

When preparing notes, create separate sections for 'U.S.-Iran Relations,' 'India and the Middle East,' and 'Nuclear Proliferation' to organize your thoughts.

Practice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)? 1. The treaty aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology. 2. Iran is not a signatory to the NPT. 3. The NPT promotes cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

A.1 only
B.2 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3

Show Answer

Answer: C

Statement 1 is CORRECT: The NPT's primary goal is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. Statement 2 is INCORRECT: Iran is a signatory to the NPT, but its compliance is under scrutiny. Statement 3 is CORRECT: The NPT promotes cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy, subject to safeguards. Therefore, only statements 1 and 3 are correct.

2. In the context of the ongoing negotiations between Iran and the US, what is the primary objective of Iran?

A.To develop nuclear weapons
B.To maintain its uranium enrichment program
C.To overthrow the US-backed government in the Middle East
D.To acquire advanced military technology from Russia

Show Answer

Answer: B

While Iran seeks sanctions relief, the underlying objective is to maintain its uranium enrichment program, which it considers a sovereign right under the NPT. The US opposes this, fearing it could lead to nuclear weapons development. The other options are not the primary objectives, although they may be related concerns.

3. Consider the following statements regarding the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA): 1. The JCPOA was signed in 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 countries. 2. The JCPOA placed restrictions on Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. 3. The United States unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018 under President Biden.

A.1 and 2 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3

Show Answer

Answer: A

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The JCPOA was signed in 2015 and placed restrictions on Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. Statement 3 is incorrect because the US unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018 under President Trump, not Biden.