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15 Feb 2026·Source: The Hindu
4 min
Environment & EcologyEconomyNEWS

Study: Indus River Flows Increase, Ganga River Flows Decline

Study reveals contrasting hydrological trends in Indus and Ganga river basins.

A study reveals that the Indus River basin has experienced a modest increase in streamflow, while the Ganga basin has seen a sharp decline between 1980 and 2021. The Indus basin's streamflow rose by about 8% due to increased precipitation, while the Ganga basin saw a 17% reduction due to declining rainfall, increased temperatures, and intensive groundwater pumping for irrigation. Researchers suggest a re-evaluation of water-sharing arrangements under the Indus Waters Treaty.

Key Facts

1.

The Indus basin's streamflow rose by about 8% between 1980 and 2021.

2.

The Ganga basin saw a 17% reduction in streamflow over the same period.

3.

Increased precipitation is the main driver of increased river flow in the Indus system.

4.

Intensive groundwater pumping for irrigation is the dominant factor behind falling river flows in the Ganga basin.

UPSC Exam Angles

1.

GS Paper 1 (Geography): River systems, water resources

2.

GS Paper 2 (Governance): Inter-state relations, water management policies

3.

GS Paper 3 (Environment): Climate change impacts, water conservation

4.

Potential question types: Statement-based, analytical, map-based

In Simple Words

A new study says that the amount of water flowing in the Indus River is slightly increasing. But, the Ganga River is seeing less water flow. This is because rainfall patterns are changing, and we're pumping out a lot of groundwater for farming.

India Angle

Many Indian farmers rely on the Ganga River basin for irrigation. If the river has less water, it affects their ability to grow crops. This can impact food prices and the livelihoods of millions.

For Instance

Imagine your neighborhood well starts drying up because everyone is using too much water. Similarly, excessive groundwater pumping is reducing the Ganga's flow.

Less water in rivers can lead to water shortages, affect farming, and even cause conflicts over water sharing. It's important to use water wisely and protect our rivers.

Rivers are like bank accounts; we need to deposit (replenish) as much as we withdraw (use).

Visual Insights

Indus and Ganga River Flow Changes (1980-2021)

Key statistics on the changes in river flow in the Indus and Ganga basins between 1980 and 2021.

Indus River Flow Increase
8%

Modest increase due to increased precipitation.

Ganga River Flow Decrease
17%

Sharp decline due to declining rainfall, increased temperatures, and groundwater pumping.

More Information

Background

The Indus River basin has been a crucial water resource for centuries, supporting agriculture and livelihoods in the region. The Indus Waters Treaty, signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, governs the sharing of water resources of the Indus River and its tributaries. This treaty was brokered by the World Bank and aimed to prevent disputes over water usage. The treaty allocated the waters of the three eastern rivers (Beas, Ravi, and Sutlej) to India and the waters of the three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) to Pakistan. The Ganga River basin is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, heavily reliant on the river for irrigation, drinking water, and industrial use. The Ganga's significance is deeply rooted in Indian culture and religion, with the river considered sacred. Over the years, the Ganga has faced increasing pressure from population growth, urbanization, and agricultural intensification. This has led to significant challenges, including declining water quality and reduced flows. The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was launched to address these issues. Water management in India is governed by various policies and regulations, including the National Water Policy. This policy emphasizes the importance of integrated water resources management and sustainable water use. The policy also promotes the efficient use of water in agriculture and industry. The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956 provides a mechanism for resolving disputes between states over water sharing. However, the implementation of these policies and regulations has faced challenges due to factors such as lack of coordination and inadequate enforcement.

Latest Developments

Recent government initiatives have focused on improving water management and conservation in both the Indus and Ganga basins. The Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide safe and affordable drinking water to all rural households by 2024. This mission includes measures to improve water supply infrastructure and promote water conservation. The Atal Bhujal Yojana focuses on improving groundwater management in water-stressed areas. This scheme encourages community participation in groundwater management and promotes the efficient use of groundwater resources. There are ongoing debates about the impact of climate change on river flows and water availability in the Indus and Ganga basins. Some researchers argue that climate change is leading to increased precipitation in the Indus basin, while others warn of potential water scarcity in the Ganga basin due to declining rainfall and rising temperatures. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports have highlighted the vulnerability of South Asia to climate change impacts, including changes in river flows and water availability. The future outlook for water resources in the Indus and Ganga basins is uncertain, with potential challenges related to climate change, population growth, and increasing water demand. There is a need for integrated water resources management strategies that consider the needs of all stakeholders and promote sustainable water use. This includes measures to improve water efficiency in agriculture, promote water conservation in urban areas, and address water pollution. International cooperation is also essential to ensure the equitable sharing of water resources in the Indus basin.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the key differences in streamflow trends between the Indus and Ganga river basins, and what are the primary drivers behind these changes?

The Indus River basin has experienced an increase in streamflow, while the Ganga basin has seen a decline. Increased precipitation is the main driver for increased river flow in the Indus system. Intensive groundwater pumping for irrigation is the dominant factor behind falling river flows in the Ganga basin, alongside declining rainfall and increased temperatures.

Exam Tip

Remember the contrasting trends: Indus (increase) vs. Ganga (decrease). Associate Indus with precipitation and Ganga with groundwater pumping.

2. How does the Indus Waters Treaty relate to the recent study on streamflow changes in the Indus River basin, and what implications might these changes have for the treaty?

The study suggests a re-evaluation of water-sharing arrangements under the Indus Waters Treaty due to the increased streamflow in the Indus basin. The Indus Waters Treaty, signed in 1960, governs the sharing of water resources between India and Pakistan. Changes in streamflow may necessitate adjustments to the treaty's allocations.

Exam Tip

Focus on the potential need for re-evaluation of existing treaties due to climate change impacts on water resources.

3. What are the potential implications of declining streamflow in the Ganga River basin for agriculture and livelihoods in the region?

The 17% reduction in streamflow in the Ganga basin, driven by declining rainfall, increased temperatures, and intensive groundwater pumping, can lead to water scarcity, impacting agriculture and livelihoods. Reduced water availability can decrease crop yields, affecting food security and the income of farmers. It may also lead to increased competition for water resources and potential conflicts.

Exam Tip

Consider the socio-economic impacts of water scarcity in the Ganga basin, including effects on agriculture, livelihoods, and potential conflicts.

4. What government initiatives are in place to address the challenges of water management in the Indus and Ganga river basins?

The Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide safe and affordable drinking water to all rural households by 2024, including measures to improve water supply infrastructure and promote water conservation. The Atal Bhujal Yojana focuses on improving groundwater management through community participation in identified water-stressed areas.

Exam Tip

Note the names and objectives of key government schemes related to water management.

5. What are the key facts and figures from the study regarding changes in streamflow in the Indus and Ganga river basins between 1980 and 2021?

The Indus basin's streamflow rose by about 8% between 1980 and 2021, while the Ganga basin saw a 17% reduction in streamflow over the same period. The Ganga basin also experienced an approximate 10% decline in rainfall.

Exam Tip

Remember the percentage changes in streamflow for both basins: Indus (+8%), Ganga (-17%).

6. What is the significance of Vimal Mishra in the context of this study on river flows?

Vimal Mishra is a key personality associated with the study, indicating their involvement in the research and analysis of streamflow changes in the Indus and Ganga river basins.

Exam Tip

In prelims, knowing key personalities associated with reports can be helpful.

Practice Questions (MCQs)

1. Consider the following statements regarding the Indus Waters Treaty: 1. The treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan. 2. The World Bank brokered the treaty. 3. The treaty allocated the waters of the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers to Pakistan. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  • A.1 and 2 only
  • B.2 and 3 only
  • C.1 and 3 only
  • D.1, 2 and 3
Show Answer

Answer: A

Statement 1 is CORRECT: The Indus Waters Treaty was indeed signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan to manage the water resources of the Indus River basin. Statement 2 is CORRECT: The World Bank played a crucial role in brokering the Indus Waters Treaty, facilitating negotiations between India and Pakistan. Statement 3 is INCORRECT: The treaty allocated the waters of the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers to INDIA, not Pakistan. The western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) were allocated to Pakistan.

2. Which of the following factors has contributed to the decline in streamflow in the Ganga River basin, as per the recent study? 1. Declining rainfall 2. Increased temperatures 3. Intensive groundwater pumping for irrigation Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  • A.1 only
  • B.2 and 3 only
  • C.1 and 3 only
  • D.1, 2 and 3
Show Answer

Answer: D

The study explicitly mentions that the decline in streamflow in the Ganga basin is attributed to: Declining rainfall, Increased temperatures, and Intensive groundwater pumping for irrigation. Therefore, all three factors have contributed to the decline.

3. The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) falls under which of the following ministries?

  • A.Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
  • B.Ministry of Jal Shakti
  • C.Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
  • D.Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Show Answer

Answer: B

The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) operates under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. This ministry is the nodal agency for water resources, river development, and Ganga rejuvenation.

Source Articles

Indus basin water flows rose while Ganga declined since 1980, study shows - The Hindu

The Hindu·15 Feb 2026

The Indus conundrum: when water is both a lifeline and a faultline - The Hindu

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Post Indus treaty hold, India triggers untimely water release from J&K dams - The Hindu

The Hindu·15 Feb 2026

Indus Waters Treaty suspended: India has many options, says expert - The Hindu

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Indus Waters Treaty Suspended: How Water Became the New Frontline Between India and Pakistan - Frontline

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