पृष्ठभूमि संदर्भ
The roots of the India-China border dispute trace back to the colonial era, particularly the Simla Convention of 1914, which attempted to define the boundary between Tibet and British India. This convention led to the McMahon Line, which India considers its eastern border with China. However, China disputes this line, claiming that Tibet did not have the authority to enter into such an agreement. The Aksai Chin region in the western sector is another point of contention, as China controls it but India claims it as part of Ladakh. The 1962 Sino-Indian War was a direct result of these unresolved border issues, leading to significant territorial losses for India and a frozen relationship for many years. Subsequent attempts to resolve the dispute through negotiations have yielded limited success, with differing interpretations of historical maps and treaties continuing to fuel the disagreement. The concept of 'Line of Actual Control' (LAC) emerged after the 1962 war, representing the areas each side effectively controlled, but even this has remained ambiguous and contested.
वर्तमान विकास
In recent years, border infrastructure development by both India and China has intensified, leading to increased patrols and face-offs. India's focus has been on improving roads, bridges, and airfields along the LAC to enhance military mobility and connectivity to remote areas. China has similarly invested heavily in infrastructure on its side, including the construction of new villages in disputed areas. Diplomatic efforts to resolve the border issue have continued through various rounds of talks, but a breakthrough remains elusive. The Doklam standoff in 2017 and the Galwan Valley clash in 2020 marked significant escalations in tensions, highlighting the fragility of the border situation. Looking ahead, experts anticipate that the border dispute will remain a complex and challenging issue, requiring sustained diplomatic engagement and military preparedness from both sides. The rise of QUAD and India's growing strategic alignment with the US further complicates the dynamics, influencing China's approach to the border issue.
अभ्यास MCQs
प्रश्न 1
भारत और चीन के बीच वास्तविक नियंत्रण रेखा (LAC) के बारे में निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार करें:
1. LAC भारत और चीन दोनों द्वारा सहमत एक औपचारिक रूप से सीमांकित सीमा है।
2. LAC की अवधारणा 1962 के भारत-चीन युद्ध के बाद उभरी।
3. LAC आम तौर पर पूर्वी क्षेत्र में मैकमोहन रेखा का अनुसरण करती है।
उपरोक्त कथनों में से कौन सा/से सही है/हैं?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 3 only
- None
व्याख्या: Statement 1 is incorrect because the LAC is not formally demarcated and agreed upon. It represents the areas each side effectively controls. Statements 2 and 3 are correct.
प्रश्न 2
निम्नलिखित में से कौन सी ऐतिहासिक घटना भारत और चीन के बीच चल रहे सीमा विवाद से सबसे सीधे संबंधित है?
- The Bandung Conference of 1955
- The Simla Convention of 1914
- The Tashkent Declaration of 1966
- The Panchsheel Agreement of 1954
व्याख्या: The Simla Convention of 1914, which attempted to define the boundary between Tibet and British India, is directly related to the border dispute, particularly concerning the McMahon Line.
प्रश्न 3
अभिकथन (A): वास्तविक नियंत्रण रेखा (LAC) के बारे में चीन की अस्पष्टता भारत के खिलाफ एक दबाव रणनीति के रूप में काम करती है।
कारण (R): अनिश्चितता बनाए रखने से चीन को अपने क्षेत्रीय दावों को स्थापित करने और भारत के विदेश नीति निर्णयों को प्रभावित करने की अनुमति मिलती है।
उपरोक्त कथनों के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा सही है?
- Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
- Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
- A is true, but R is false
- A is false, but R is true
व्याख्या: Both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why China's ambiguity acts as a pressure tactic.
पिछले वर्षों के प्रश्न
PYQ 1 - UPSC Prelims 2015 2015
निम्नलिखित में से किस देश के संदर्भ में 'स्ट्रिंग ऑफ पर्ल्स' शब्द का उल्लेख किया जाता है?
- (a) China
- (b) Pakistan
- (c) Bangladesh
- (d) Sri Lanka
व्याख्या: The 'String of Pearls' is a geopolitical theory related to China's network of military and commercial facilities and relationships along its sea lines of communication, which extend from the Chinese mainland through the Strait of Malacca, across the Indian Ocean, and on to the Arabian Sea.
PYQ 2 - UPSC Mains 2023 2023
भारत और चीन के बीच चल रहे सीमा विवादों, विशेष रूप से वास्तविक नियंत्रण रेखा (LAC) पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हुए, क्षेत्रीय स्थिरता और भारत की विदेश नीति विकल्पों के लिए निहितार्थों का आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण करें।
PYQ 3 - SSC CGL 2023 2023
मैकमोहन रेखा निम्नलिखित में से किन देशों के बीच की सीमा है?
- (a) India and Pakistan
- (b) India and China
- (c) India and Nepal
- (d) China and Bhutan
व्याख्या: The McMahon Line is a boundary agreement between Tibet and British India, now recognized as the boundary between India and China in the eastern sector.
PYQ 4 - SSC CHSL 2023 2023
निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा भारत और चीन के बीच विवादित क्षेत्र नहीं है?
- (a) Aksai Chin
- (b) Arunachal Pradesh
- (c) Doklam
- (d) Kerala
व्याख्या: Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh, and Doklam are all areas with ongoing border disputes between India and China. Kerala is a state in South India with no border with China.
PYQ 5 - IBPS PO 2023 2023
निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा कारक भारत-चीन सीमा पर बढ़े हुए तनाव का प्रत्यक्ष आर्थिक परिणाम होने की संभावना नहीं है?
- (a) Increased defense spending by India
- (b) Disruption of trade between India and China
- (c) Increased foreign investment in India's infrastructure sector
- (d) Diversification of India's supply chains
व्याख्या: Increased foreign investment in India's infrastructure sector is not a direct consequence of border tensions. While tensions might indirectly influence investment decisions, it's not a primary or immediate effect. Increased defense spending, trade disruption, and supply chain diversification are more direct and likely consequences.
PYQ 6 - SBI PO 2023 2023
भारत और चीन दोनों के सदस्य होने पर, एशियाई अवसंरचना निवेश बैंक (AIIB) पर LAC तनाव का संभावित प्रभाव क्या है?
- (a) Increased cooperation and funding for infrastructure projects in the region
- (b) Reduced cooperation and potential disagreements on project funding and priorities
- (c) No impact, as the AIIB is purely an economic institution
- (d) A shift in the AIIB's focus towards projects in countries other than India and China
व्याख्या: Heightened tensions could lead to reduced cooperation and disagreements within the AIIB regarding project funding and priorities, as political considerations may influence economic decisions.
PYQ 7 - CDS 2023 2023
'ग्रे ज़ोन वारफेयर' शब्द LAC तनाव के संदर्भ में चीन द्वारा नियोजित निम्नलिखित में से किस रणनीति से सबसे अधिक निकटता से जुड़ा है?
- (a) Direct military invasion
- (b) Nuclear deterrence
- (c) Covert operations by intelligence agencies
- (d) Actions below the threshold of traditional warfare, such as infrastructure development in disputed areas and assertive patrolling
व्याख्या: 'Grey zone warfare' refers to actions that fall below the threshold of traditional warfare, such as assertive patrolling, infrastructure development in disputed areas, and other activities designed to achieve strategic objectives without triggering a full-scale conflict.
PYQ 8 - CDS 2023 2023
निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा कथन भारत-चीन सीमा विवाद के संदर्भ में गलवान घाटी के रणनीतिक महत्व का सबसे अच्छा वर्णन करता है?
- (a) It is a major agricultural region providing food security to the local population
- (b) It is a crucial transportation hub connecting India and China
- (c) It provides access to critical infrastructure and strategic locations along the LAC
- (d) It is a popular tourist destination known for its scenic beauty
व्याख्या: The Galwan Valley is strategically significant because it provides access to critical infrastructure and strategic locations along the LAC, making it a key area for both India and China.
