Three Kashmiris Abroad Booked Under UAPA for Alleged Secessionist Propaganda

सही उत्तर: D

Statement 1 is correct: The 2019 amendment to UAPA empowered the Central Government to designate individuals as terrorists. Statement 2 is correct: Section 1(2) of UAPA explicitly states that it applies to citizens of India outside India. Statement 3 is correct: Section 2(o) of UAPA defines 'unlawful activity' broadly to include any action intended to cause disaffection against India. Statement 4 is correct: Section 43D(5) of UAPA imposes stringent conditions for bail, making it difficult for the accused to secure release if the court is of the opinion that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against such person is prima facie true. This is a significant departure from the general bail provisions under CrPC.

सही उत्तर: B

Statement 1 is incorrect: Article 19(1)(a) guarantees freedom of speech and expression, but it is not absolute. It is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2). Statement 2 is correct: Article 19(2) lists specific and exhaustive grounds for reasonable restrictions, such as the sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to an offence. Statement 3 is correct: Promoting secessionism directly threatens the 'sovereignty and integrity of India', which is one of the explicit grounds for reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2).

सही उत्तर: D

All four principles are recognized in international criminal law and are, to varying degrees, incorporated into Indian criminal jurisprudence. 1. Nationality Principle: Codified in Section 4 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which states that Indian laws apply to any offense committed by any citizen of India in any place without and beyond India. This is directly relevant to the news. 2. Territorial Principle: This is the most common principle, where a state has jurisdiction over all offenses committed within its territory. Section 2 of IPC reflects this. 3. Protective Principle: While not explicitly codified as a standalone principle in IPC, its essence is reflected in laws like UAPA, which target acts detrimental to India's security, even if committed abroad by non-citizens (though the question focuses on citizens, the principle itself is broader). 4. Universality Principle: India, as a signatory to various international conventions, recognizes universal jurisdiction for certain crimes like piracy, war crimes, and terrorism, allowing it to prosecute offenders irrespective of nationality or place of crime.