Putin Hints at Potential Territory Swap as a Path to Resolve Ukraine Conflict

सही उत्तर: B

Statement 1 is incorrect. While territorial integrity is a fundamental principle, the right to self-determination can, in exceptional circumstances (e.g., severe human rights violations, 'remedial secession'), be invoked, though this remains a highly debated area. The UN Charter emphasizes both principles, and their application often involves complex balancing. Statement 2 is correct. Historically, the right to self-determination was primarily developed in the context of decolonization. Its application to internal groups seeking secession from an existing sovereign state is generally much more restricted and conditional, often requiring the parent state's consent or extreme circumstances. Statement 3 is incorrect. In its advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence (2010), the ICJ stated that international law contains no 'prohibition on declarations of independence'. It did not rule on the legality of the independence itself, but rather on the act of declaration, suggesting that such declarations are not inherently illegal, though their recognition by other states is a separate political act. Therefore, only statement 2 is correct.

सही उत्तर: C

Statement 1 is correct. The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances was signed in 1994 by Ukraine, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. In it, Ukraine agreed to give up its nuclear arsenal (the third largest in the world at the time) in exchange for security assurances concerning its sovereignty and territorial integrity. Statement 2 is correct. The Minsk I (2014) and Minsk II (2015) agreements were signed to halt the fighting in the Donbas region of Ukraine. They outlined a roadmap for a ceasefire, withdrawal of heavy weapons, prisoner exchange, and political reforms, including special status for certain areas of Donbas. However, they were never fully implemented by either side, leading to continued low-intensity conflict. Statement 3 is incorrect. Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, following a controversial referendum, was widely condemned by the international community and declared illegal by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262, which affirmed Ukraine's territorial integrity. It was not recognized as a legitimate act of self-determination by the UNGA. Therefore, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

सही उत्तर: D

The UN Charter, in its Preamble and Article 2, lays down several fundamental principles governing international relations: A) 'The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.' (Article 2, Paragraph 1) - This is a core principle. B) 'All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.' (Article 2, Paragraph 3) - This is a core principle. C) 'Nothing in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state...' (Article 2, Paragraph 7) - This is a core principle. D) The UN Charter explicitly prohibits the 'threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state' (Article 2, Paragraph 4). It does NOT grant states the right to unilaterally alter international borders based on historical claims or ethnic ties. Such actions are generally considered violations of international law and the principle of territorial integrity. Therefore, this option is NOT a principle enshrined in the UN Charter.