लाइसेंस राज क्या है?
ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि
मुख्य प्रावधान
12 points- 1.
पॉइंट 1: कारोबारों को अपने संचालन के लगभग हर पहलू के लिए लाइसेंस की आवश्यकता होती थी, जिसमें उत्पादन क्षमता, स्थान और तकनीक शामिल थी।
- 2.
पॉइंट 2: 1969 में औद्योगिक लाइसेंसिंग नीति जांच समिति (दत्त समिति) ने कुछ बड़े औद्योगिक घरानों के हाथों में आर्थिक शक्ति के संकेंद्रण पर प्रकाश डाला।
- 3.
पॉइंट 3: सरकार ने कोटा और उच्च करों की प्रणाली के माध्यम से आयात को नियंत्रित किया, जिससे विदेशी प्रतिस्पर्धा सीमित हो गई।
- 4.
पॉइंट 4: सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उद्यमों ने इस्पात, कोयला और दूरसंचार जैसे प्रमुख उद्योगों पर अपना दबदबा बनाए रखा।
- 5.
पॉइंट 5: 1969 के एकाधिकार और प्रतिबंधात्मक व्यापार व्यवहार (MRTP) अधिनियम का उद्देश्य एकाधिकार को रोकना था, लेकिन इसने कुशल फर्मों के विकास को भी बाधित किया।
- 6.
पॉइंट 6: छोटे पैमाने के उद्योगों को तरजीही व्यवहार दिया गया और बड़ी फर्मों से प्रतिस्पर्धा से बचाया गया।
- 7.
पॉइंट 7: इस सिस्टम से किराए की तलाश करने वाला व्यवहार हुआ, जहां व्यवसायों ने दक्षता में सुधार करने के बजाय लाइसेंस के लिए लॉबिंग पर संसाधन खर्च किए।
- 8.
पॉइंट 8: लाइसेंस प्राप्त करने में औसतन कई साल लग सकते हैं, जिससे निवेश और नवाचार में देरी होती है।
- 9.
पॉइंट 9: लाइसेंस राज ने नियमों का एक जटिल जाल बनाया, जिसे नेविगेट करना मुश्किल था, जिससे व्यवसायों के लिए अनुपालन लागत बढ़ गई।
- 10.
पॉइंट 10: 1991 के सुधारों ने औद्योगिक लाइसेंसिंग के दायरे को काफी कम कर दिया, जिससे अर्थव्यवस्था प्रतिस्पर्धा और विदेशी निवेश के लिए खुल गई।
- 11.
पॉइंट 11: सुधारों के बावजूद, रक्षा और परमाणु ऊर्जा जैसे कुछ क्षेत्रों को अभी भी लाइसेंस की आवश्यकता है।
- 12.
पॉइंट 12: 'इंस्पेक्टर राज' की अवधारणा लाइसेंस राज से निकटता से जुड़ी हुई थी, जिसका अर्थ है सरकारी निरीक्षकों द्वारा उत्पीड़न और भ्रष्टाचार।
दृश्य सामग्री
From License Raj to Liberalization
Timeline showing the key events in the transition from the License Raj to economic liberalization in India.
लाइसेंस राज सख्त सरकारी नियंत्रण की एक प्रणाली थी जिसने आर्थिक विकास को बाधित किया। 1991 के सुधारों ने उदारीकरण की ओर बदलाव को चिह्नित किया।
- 1951औद्योगिक विकास और विनियमन अधिनियम
- 1969एकाधिकार और प्रतिबंधात्मक व्यापार व्यवहार (MRTP) अधिनियम
- 1980sलाइसेंस राज से बढ़ती असंतुष्टि
- 1991आर्थिक संकट और उदारीकरण
- 1991लाइसेंस राज का विघटन शुरू
- 2006MSME विकास अधिनियम
- 2016दिवाला और दिवालियापन संहिता (IBC)
- 2024दिल्ली सरकार ने पुलिस लाइसेंसिंग खत्म की
- 2026नियामक बोझ को कम करने के चल रहे प्रयास
हालिया विकास
7 विकासOngoing efforts to reduce regulatory burden and improve ease of doing business in India (2024).
Focus on digitalization and online portals for obtaining licenses and approvals.
Simplification of labor laws and environmental regulations.
Promotion of self-certification and risk-based inspections.
Government initiatives like 'Make in India' and 'Startup India' aim to reduce dependence on imports and promote domestic manufacturing.
The abolition of the Delhi Police licensing system for many businesses (2024) is a step away from the License Raj.
Continued debate on the optimal level of regulation to balance economic growth with social and environmental concerns.
विभिन्न समाचारों में यह अवधारणा
1 विषयसामान्य प्रश्न
121. What was the License Raj and what were its primary goals?
The License Raj was a system of strict government control over the Indian economy after independence in 1947. Its primary goals were to promote self-reliance and planned economic development by regulating industries and controlling resources.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember the timeline and the main objective: post-independence, self-reliance.
2. What were the key provisions of the License Raj?
The key provisions included:
- •Businesses needed licenses for almost every aspect of their operations.
- •The government controlled imports through quotas and high tariffs.
- •Public sector enterprises dominated key industries.
- •The MRTP Act aimed to prevent monopolies but also hindered growth.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on the licensing requirements, import controls, and the role of public sector.
3. How did the Industrial Development and Regulation Act of 1951 contribute to the License Raj?
The Industrial Development and Regulation Act of 1951 gave the government broad powers to issue licenses for setting up industries, which was a cornerstone of the License Raj.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember the Act's year and its role in empowering the government to issue licenses.
4. What were the intended benefits of the License Raj, and what were its actual consequences?
The intended benefits were to promote self-reliance, prevent monopolies, and ensure equitable distribution of resources. However, the actual consequences included inefficiency, corruption, and slow economic growth.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Contrast the intended goals with the actual outcomes to understand the License Raj's failure.
5. How did the License Raj affect foreign competition in India?
The License Raj restricted foreign competition through high tariffs and import quotas, making it difficult for foreign companies to operate in India.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember that high tariffs and quotas were used to limit foreign competition.
6. What was the role of the Industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry Committee (Dutt Committee) in 1969?
The Industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry Committee (Dutt Committee) in 1969 highlighted the concentration of economic power in the hands of a few large industrial houses due to the License Raj.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember the Dutt Committee's finding about the concentration of economic power.
7. What were the limitations of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act of 1969 within the context of the License Raj?
While the MRTP Act aimed to prevent monopolies, it also hindered the growth of efficient firms by imposing restrictions on expansion and diversification.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Understand that the MRTP Act, while intended to prevent monopolies, had unintended consequences on efficient firms.
8. What is the significance of the License Raj in understanding India's economic history?
The License Raj is significant because it represents a period of heavy government intervention in the economy, which ultimately led to economic stagnation and the need for liberalization in the 1990s.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Relate the License Raj to the economic reforms of the 1990s.
9. What are the ongoing efforts to reduce the regulatory burden in India, and how do they relate to the legacy of the License Raj?
Ongoing efforts to reduce regulatory burden, such as digitalization and simplification of laws, aim to undo the inefficiencies and complexities created by the License Raj, promoting ease of doing business.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Connect current reforms to the historical context of the License Raj.
10. What reforms have been suggested to further dismantle the legacy of the License Raj?
Suggested reforms include further simplification of labor laws, environmental regulations, and promoting digitalization for obtaining licenses and approvals.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on reforms related to labor, environment, and digitalization.
11. In your opinion, what was the most significant negative consequence of the License Raj on the Indian economy?
In my opinion, the most significant negative consequence was the stifling of innovation and competition, which hindered economic growth and reduced the overall competitiveness of Indian industries.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Frame your answer around the impact on innovation, competition, and economic growth.
12. How has the focus on digitalization and online portals for obtaining licenses helped in moving away from the License Raj era?
Digitalization and online portals have reduced bureaucratic delays and corruption, making the process of obtaining licenses more transparent and efficient, thus moving away from the opaque and cumbersome processes of the License Raj era.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on transparency, efficiency, and reduced corruption as key benefits.