कार्यपालिका शक्ति क्या है?
ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि
मुख्य प्रावधान
12 points- 1.
पॉइंट 1: संघ की कार्यपालिका शक्ति राष्ट्रपति में निहित है (अनुच्छेद 53), लेकिन इसका प्रयोग प्रधानमंत्री के नेतृत्व वाली मंत्रिपरिषद द्वारा किया जाता है (अनुच्छेद 74)।
- 2.
पॉइंट 2: राष्ट्रपति राज्य के प्रमुख होते हैं और अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर देश का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं। वे प्रधानमंत्री, सर्वोच्च न्यायालय और उच्च न्यायालयों के न्यायाधीशों और राज्यों के राज्यपालों सहित प्रमुख अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति करते हैं।
- 3.
पॉइंट 3: मंत्रिपरिषद राष्ट्रपति को उनके कार्यों के निर्वहन में सहायता और सलाह देती है। राष्ट्रपति आम तौर पर इस सलाह से बंधे होते हैं।
- 4.
पॉइंट 4: प्रधानमंत्री सरकार के प्रमुख और लोकसभा में बहुमत दल के नेता होते हैं। वे देश के दिन-प्रतिदिन के प्रशासन के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं।
- 5.
पॉइंट 5: कार्यपालिका शक्ति उन मामलों तक फैली हुई है जिन पर संसद को कानून बनाने की शक्ति है (अनुच्छेद 73)। इसमें सातवीं अनुसूची की संघ सूची और समवर्ती सूची में सूचीबद्ध विषय शामिल हैं।
- 6.
पॉइंट 6: जब संसद सत्र में नहीं होती है तो राष्ट्रपति अध्यादेश जारी करने की शक्ति रखते हैं (अनुच्छेद 123)। इन अध्यादेशों में कानून की शक्ति होती है लेकिन संसद के पुन: जुड़ने के छह सप्ताह के भीतर संसद द्वारा अनुमोदित किया जाना चाहिए।
- 7.
पॉइंट 7: राष्ट्रपति के पास सजा को माफ करने, राहत देने या कम करने की शक्ति है (अनुच्छेद 72)।
- 8.
पॉइंट 8: कार्यपालिका शाखा संसद द्वारा पारित कानूनों और सरकार द्वारा बनाई गई नीतियों को लागू करने के लिए जिम्मेदार है।
- 9.
पॉइंट 9: कार्यपालिका प्रश्नकाल, स्थगन प्रस्ताव और अविश्वास प्रस्ताव जैसे तंत्रों के माध्यम से विधायिका के प्रति जवाबदेह है।
- 10.
पॉइंट 10: न्यायपालिका यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कार्यकारी कार्यों की समीक्षा कर सकती है कि वे संविधान और कानून के अनुसार हैं। इसे न्यायिक समीक्षा के रूप में जाना जाता है।
- 11.
पॉइंट 11: कार्यपालिका शक्ति में विदेशी मामलों का संचालन भी शामिल है, जिसमें अन्य देशों के साथ संधियों और समझौतों पर बातचीत करना शामिल है।
- 12.
पॉइंट 12: राष्ट्रपति कुछ परिस्थितियों में आपातकाल की घोषणा कर सकते हैं (अनुच्छेद 352, अनुच्छेद 356, अनुच्छेद 360), जो कार्यपालिका को अतिरिक्त शक्तियां प्रदान करता है।
दृश्य सामग्री
Understanding Executive Power in India
This mind map illustrates the key aspects of executive power in the Indian context, its constitutional basis, and checks and balances.
Executive Power
- ●Constitutional Basis
- ●Functions
- ●Checks and Balances
हालिया विकास
7 विकासThe increasing use of ordinances by the executive has been a subject of debate in recent years (2020-2024).
The scope of judicial review of executive actions remains a contentious issue, particularly in matters of national security.
The role of the executive in shaping foreign policy has become more prominent in the context of global challenges.
The implementation of various government schemes and policies relies heavily on the efficiency and effectiveness of the executive branch.
Debates continue regarding the balance of power between the executive, legislature, and judiciary, especially concerning issues like data privacy and surveillance.
The use of executive orders and administrative regulations to implement policy changes has increased in many countries.
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of executive power in managing crises and implementing public health measures.
विभिन्न समाचारों में यह अवधारणा
1 विषयसामान्य प्रश्न
121. What is Executive Power and what is its constitutional basis in India?
Executive Power refers to the authority of the government to enforce laws and administer the state. As per the concept, it is vested in the Executive Branch, typically headed by a President or Prime Minister. Article 53 of the Indian Constitution states that the executive power of the Union is vested in the President, but it is exercised by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister as per Article 74.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember Articles 53 and 74 which are the core articles related to executive power.
2. How does Executive Power work in practice in India?
In practice, the President is the head of state, representing India internationally and appointing key officials. However, the real executive authority is wielded by the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers aids and advises the President, and the President is generally bound by this advice. The Prime Minister is responsible for the day-to-day administration.
3. What are the key provisions related to Executive Power as per the provided concept?
The key provisions include:
- •The executive power of the Union is vested in the President (Article 53), but exercised by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister (Article 74).
- •The President is the head of state and appoints key officials.
- •The Council of Ministers aids and advises the President.
- •The Prime Minister is the head of government and responsible for day-to-day administration.
- •Executive power extends to matters on which Parliament can make laws (Article 73).
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on Articles 53, 73, and 74 for prelims. For mains, understand the relationship between the President and the Council of Ministers.
4. What are the limitations of Executive Power in India?
Executive power is checked by the Legislative Branch (Parliament), which makes laws, and the Judicial Branch (Courts), which interprets laws. The President is generally bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers. The scope of judicial review of executive actions also acts as a limitation.
5. How has the concept of Executive Power evolved over time?
Historically, monarchs held absolute executive power. With the rise of democracy, this power was gradually limited and distributed among different branches of government. The idea of separation of powers, championed by thinkers like Montesquieu in the 18th century, became central to modern constitutionalism. In India, the Government of India Act, 1935, laid the groundwork for a parliamentary system with an executive accountable to the legislature.
6. What is the significance of Executive Power in Indian democracy?
Executive Power is crucial for the effective functioning of the government and the well-being of the citizens. It ensures the implementation of policies, management of government departments, conduct of foreign relations, and maintenance of law and order. It is the arm of the government that puts laws into action.
7. What are the challenges in the implementation of Executive Power?
Challenges include the increasing use of ordinances, which can bypass legislative scrutiny, and contentious issues regarding the scope of judicial review of executive actions, particularly in matters of national security. Maintaining a balance between executive efficiency and accountability is a constant challenge.
8. What are some common misconceptions about Executive Power?
A common misconception is that the President is the real executive authority. While the executive power is vested in the President, it is exercised by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Another misconception is that the executive is all-powerful; it is subject to checks and balances by the legislature and judiciary.
9. What are frequently asked aspects of Executive Power in UPSC exams?
Questions frequently appear on the powers and functions of the President and Prime Minister, the relationship between the executive and the legislature, and the scope of judicial review of executive actions. Understanding the constitutional provisions and recent developments related to executive power is crucial.
10. What reforms have been suggested regarding Executive Power?
Suggested reforms often focus on improving transparency and accountability in executive decision-making, reducing the reliance on ordinances, and strengthening the mechanisms for judicial review. Some experts also suggest reforms to ensure better coordination between the executive and the legislature.
11. What are the important articles related to Executive Power?
Important articles include Article 53 (Executive power of the Union), Article 74 (Council of Ministers to aid and advise President), Article 77 (Conduct of business of the Government of India), and Article 73 (Extent of executive power of the Union).
परीक्षा युक्ति
Memorize these articles for quick recall in the exam.
12. How does India's Executive Power compare with other countries?
India follows a parliamentary system where the executive is drawn from the legislature and is accountable to it. This is different from a presidential system like in the United States, where the executive is separate from the legislature. The Indian President is a constitutional head, while the US President is both head of state and head of government.