The key provisions are: * The Prime Minister's leadership of the majority party. * The Cabinet's collective responsibility, but unified support for the Prime Minister. * Executive control over government resources. * The anti-defection law (Tenth Schedule). * The Speaker of the Lok Sabha's position.

• •The Prime Minister's leadership of the majority party.
• •The Cabinet's collective responsibility, but unified support for the Prime Minister.
• •Executive control over government resources.
• •The anti-defection law (Tenth Schedule).
• •The Speaker of the Lok Sabha's position.

After India's independence in 1947, the dominance of the Indian National Congress strengthened the executive. The rise of coalition governments in the 1990s and 2000s initially led to greater parliamentary scrutiny. However, recent developments, such as the increased use of ordinances, have raised concerns again.

Challenges include: the strength of party discipline, which limits the ability of MPs to challenge the government; the executive's control over resources; and the need for efficient decision-making, which can sometimes justify reduced parliamentary debate. Balancing efficiency with accountability is a key challenge.

Recent developments include: increased use of ordinances during the COVID-19 pandemic; debates surrounding the passage of laws with limited parliamentary debate; and government initiatives to streamline decision-making processes that have been criticized for reducing transparency.

The key provisions are: * The Prime Minister's leadership of the majority party. * The Cabinet's collective responsibility, but unified support for the Prime Minister. * Executive control over government resources. * The anti-defection law (Tenth Schedule). * The Speaker of the Lok Sabha's position.

• •The Prime Minister's leadership of the majority party.
• •The Cabinet's collective responsibility, but unified support for the Prime Minister.
• •Executive control over government resources.
• •The anti-defection law (Tenth Schedule).
• •The Speaker of the Lok Sabha's position.

After India's independence in 1947, the dominance of the Indian National Congress strengthened the executive. The rise of coalition governments in the 1990s and 2000s initially led to greater parliamentary scrutiny. However, recent developments, such as the increased use of ordinances, have raised concerns again.

Challenges include: the strength of party discipline, which limits the ability of MPs to challenge the government; the executive's control over resources; and the need for efficient decision-making, which can sometimes justify reduced parliamentary debate. Balancing efficiency with accountability is a key challenge.

Recent developments include: increased use of ordinances during the COVID-19 pandemic; debates surrounding the passage of laws with limited parliamentary debate; and government initiatives to streamline decision-making processes that have been criticized for reducing transparency.