राज्य ऋण क्या है?
ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि
मुख्य प्रावधान
9 points- 1.
राज्य State Development Loans (SDLs), केंद्र से लोन और दूसरे तरीकों से उधार लेते हैं।
- 2.
Article 293 संविधान राज्यों को कुछ शर्तों के साथ उधार लेने की इजाजत देता है।
- 3.
FRBM Act राज्यों के कर्ज और GDP के अनुपात के लिए लक्ष्य तय करता है।
- 4.
ज्यादा राज्य ऋण से आर्थिक तनाव, विकास पर कम खर्च और उधारी की लागत बढ़ सकती है।
- 5.
RBI नीलामी और दूसरे तरीकों से राज्य सरकार के कर्ज का प्रबंधन करता है।
- 6.
राज्यों को लंबे समय तक आर्थिक रूप से स्वस्थ रहने के लिए कर्ज की स्थिरता बनाए रखने की जरूरत है।
- 7.
संकट के दौरान कर्ज का पुनर्गठन और माफी पर कभी-कभी विचार किया जाता है।
- 8.
राज्यों की संभावित देनदारियां भी आर्थिक जोखिम को बढ़ाती हैं।
- 9.
समग्र आर्थिक स्थिरता के लिए राज्य के वित्त पर नजर रखना जरूरी है।
दृश्य सामग्री
Key Metrics of State Debt (2025-26)
Dashboard highlighting key statistics related to state debt in India.
- औसत राज्य ऋण से GSDP अनुपात
- 29.5%
- राजस्व प्राप्तियों के % के रूप में ब्याज भुगतान
- 12.8%
- FRBM ऋण सीमा से अधिक राज्य
- 15
राज्यों के समग्र ऋण बोझ को उनके आर्थिक उत्पादन के सापेक्ष इंगित करता है।
राज्य के राजस्व का अनुपात दिखाता है जो ऋण चुकाने पर खर्च होता है।
20% की FRBM कानून सीमा से ऊपर GSDP अनुपात के ऋण वाले राज्यों की संख्या।
हालिया विकास
5 विकासRBI's call for states to create a debt reduction glide path.
Increased scrutiny of state finances by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
Debate on the impact of freebies and populist schemes on state finances.
Focus on improving state tax revenue mobilization.
Central government's role in providing financial assistance to states.
सामान्य प्रश्न
121. What is State Debt and what are its key components?
State Debt refers to the total money a state government owes. As per the definition, it includes borrowings through bonds, loans, and other financial instruments from lenders including the central government, financial institutions, and the public.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember that state debt includes all forms of borrowing by the state government, not just loans from the central government.
2. What is the constitutional basis for state borrowing in India?
Article 293 of the Constitution allows states to borrow, subject to certain conditions. However, the concept data does not specify these conditions.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on remembering Article 293 as the primary constitutional provision related to state borrowing.
3. What is the role of the FRBM Act in controlling state debt?
The FRBM Act applies to states and aims to control their debt levels. It sets targets for state debt-to-GDP ratios. State-level fiscal responsibility legislation also plays a role.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Understand that the FRBM Act provides a framework for fiscal discipline at the state level.
4. How does State Debt work in practice?
States borrow money through State Development Loans (SDLs), loans from the Centre, and other instruments to finance development projects and cover revenue shortfalls. The RBI manages state government debt through auctions and other mechanisms.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on understanding the different instruments states use to borrow money.
5. What are the potential consequences of high state debt?
High state debt can lead to fiscal stress, reduced spending on development, and increased borrowing costs.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember the three main consequences: fiscal stress, reduced development spending, and higher borrowing costs.
6. What is the significance of State Debt in the Indian economy?
State Debt is important for UPSC GS Paper 3 (Indian Economy), particularly in the context of fiscal federalism and state finances. It reflects the financial health of states and impacts their ability to invest in development.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Relate state debt to broader issues of fiscal federalism and economic development.
7. What are State Development Loans (SDLs)?
State Development Loans (SDLs) are one of the instruments through which states borrow money.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember SDLs as a key borrowing instrument for state governments.
8. What challenges are there in managing state debt effectively?
Managing state debt effectively faces challenges such as economic shocks (like the COVID-19 pandemic), and the impact of freebies and populist schemes on state finances.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Consider the impact of unforeseen events and policy choices on state finances.
9. What reforms have been suggested for managing state debt?
RBI has called for states to create a debt reduction glide path. Increased scrutiny of state finances by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is also important.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Focus on the importance of fiscal planning and independent auditing.
10. What are the important articles/sections related to State Debt?
Article 293 of the Constitution allows states to borrow, subject to certain conditions.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Remember Article 293.
11. What are frequently asked aspects of State Debt in UPSC?
Questions can be asked about the causes and consequences of state debt, and measures to manage it. The impact of events like the COVID-19 pandemic on state finances is also relevant.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Prepare on the causes, consequences, and management of state debt, with a focus on recent developments.
12. What is your opinion on the impact of freebies on state finances?
The debate on the impact of freebies and populist schemes on state finances is ongoing. While they may provide short-term benefits, they can strain state budgets and lead to increased borrowing.
परीक्षा युक्ति
Present a balanced view, acknowledging both the potential benefits and risks of freebie culture.