Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 क्या है?
ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि
मुख्य प्रावधान
9 points- 1.
Fair Compensation: Mandates compensation at 4 times the market value in rural areas and 2 times in urban areas.
- 2.
Consent Clause: Requires consent of 70% of affected families for public-private partnership (PPP) projects and 80% for private projects.
- 3.
Social Impact Assessment (SIA): Mandatory SIA before acquisition to assess potential impacts and identify mitigation measures.
- 4.
Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R): Comprehensive R&R package for affected families, including land for land, housing, employment, and allowances.
- 5.
Return of Unutilized Land: Land not utilized for the stated purpose within 5 years must be returned to the original owners or to the land bank.
- 6.
Retrospective Application: Applies retrospectively to cases where awards were made 5 years or more prior to the Act's commencement but compensation has not been paid or possession not taken.
- 7.
Food Security Safeguard: Prohibits acquisition of multi-cropped irrigated land, with some exceptions.
- 8.
Transparency: Requires public disclosure of all acquisition details.
- 9.
Appellate Authority: Establishes an Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Authority for dispute resolution.
दृश्य सामग्री
Evolution of Land Acquisition Law in India (1894-2026)
Traces the historical progression of land acquisition legislation in India, from the colonial-era act to the modern LARR Act, 2013, and subsequent developments.
The evolution of land acquisition laws reflects India's journey from a colonial state to a welfare state, aiming to balance public interest with the rights and welfare of affected citizens. The 2013 Act was a landmark shift towards transparency and fair compensation.
- 1894Land Acquisition Act, 1894 enacted (colonial, exploitative, no R&R)
- 2007Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill introduced in Parliament (lapsed)
- 2011Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill introduced
- 2013RFCTLARR Act, 2013 passed by Parliament
- Jan 1, 2014RFCTLARR Act, 2013 comes into force, replacing 1894 Act
- 2015Government attempts to amend Act via ordinance (lapsed due to opposition)
- 22016-2025Many states enact their own land acquisition laws/amendments; ongoing debates on balancing farmers' rights vs. development needs
- Jan 2026Cabinet Secretary states no immediate plan to change LARR Act despite project delays
RFCTLARR Act, 2013 vs. Land Acquisition Act, 1894
Compares the key provisions and philosophical underpinnings of the two major land acquisition laws in India, highlighting the progressive changes introduced by the 2013 Act.
| Feature | Land Acquisition Act, 1894 | RFCTLARR Act, 2013 |
|---|---|---|
| Compensation | Market value at the time of notification | 2-4 times market value (rural), 2 times (urban) |
| Rehabilitation & Resettlement (R&R) | No explicit provisions for R&R | Mandatory comprehensive R&R package |
| Consent Clause | Not required for acquisition | 70% (PPP), 80% (Private projects) of affected families |
| Social Impact Assessment (SIA) | Not required | Mandatory before acquisition |
| Return of Unutilized Land | No provision | Land not utilized for 5 years to be returned |
| Retrospective Application | No | Yes, for cases where awards made 5+ years ago but compensation not paid or possession not taken |
| Food Security Safeguard | No specific prohibition | Prohibits acquisition of multi-cropped irrigated land (with exceptions) |
| Transparency | Limited public disclosure | Mandates public disclosure of all details |
RFCTLARR Act, 2013: Core Aspects & Interconnections
Illustrates the key objectives, provisions, challenges, and broader impacts of the RFCTLARR Act, 2013, connecting it to UPSC syllabus topics.
RFCTLARR Act, 2013
- ●Objectives
- ●Key Provisions
- ●Challenges & Criticisms
- ●Impact & Significance
- ●Legal & Constitutional Context
हालिया विकास
4 विकासAttempts by the government in 2015 to amend the Act via an ordinance to remove the SIA and consent clauses for certain categories (e.g., defense, rural infrastructure) faced strong opposition and lapsed.
Many states have enacted their own state-specific land acquisition laws or amendments to the central Act, leveraging the Concurrent List provision.
Ongoing debates about balancing farmers' rights with the need for rapid infrastructure development.
Focus on improving implementation and reducing litigation.