Critical Minerals and Resource Security

Critical Minerals and Resource Security क्या है?

Critical minerals are raw materials deemed essential for a nation's economy and national security, whose supply chains are vulnerable to disruption. Resource security refers to a nation's ability to ensure a reliable, affordable, and sustainable supply of these and other vital resources.

ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि

The concept of resource criticality has evolved. Historically, energy (oil, gas) was the primary focus of resource security. In the 21st century, with the global shift towards digital technologies, renewable energy, and electric vehicles, the focus has broadened to include a range of non-fuel minerals like rare earths, lithium, cobalt, and graphite, which are now deemed 'critical'.

मुख्य प्रावधान

7 points

1.
Minerals are designated 'critical' based on two main criteria: their economic importance (the impact of a supply disruption on a nation's economy) and supply risk (the likelihood of disruption due to geological scarcity, geopolitical concentration, trade policies, or lack of diversified production).
2.
Examples of critical minerals include Rare Earth Elements, Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Graphite, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, and Platinum Group Metals.
3.
They are vital components in a wide array of modern technologies, including electric vehicles, renewable energy technologies (solar panels, wind turbines), defense systems, consumer electronics, aerospace, and medical devices.
4.
Strategies for enhancing resource security typically involve: diversification of supply sources (e.g., new mining projects, deep-sea mining), strategic stockpiling, promoting recycling and circular economy principles, investing in domestic exploration and production, fostering international partnerships and bilateral agreements, and technological innovation (e.g., material substitution).
5.
The concentration of mining and processing of many critical minerals in a few countries (e.g., China for REEs, DRC for Cobalt) creates significant geopolitical leverage and supply chain vulnerabilities.
6.
Disruptions in critical mineral supply can lead to price volatility, industrial slowdowns, and compromise national security interests.
7.
The transition to a green economy is projected to dramatically increase demand for many critical minerals, intensifying the challenge of securing their supply.

दृश्य सामग्री

Critical Minerals & Resource Security: A Strategic Imperative (2025)

This mind map elucidates the concept of critical minerals and resource security, highlighting their importance, supply risks, strategic applications, and the various strategies nations employ to secure them, crucial for UPSC.

Critical Minerals & Resource Security

●Definition & Criteria
●Key Examples
●Strategic Applications
●Resource Security Strategies
●India's Policy & Initiatives (2025)

Critical Mineral Strategies: India vs. Global Approaches (2025)

This table compares the critical mineral strategies of India, the US, and the EU, highlighting similarities and differences in their approaches to resource security, valuable for Mains answer writing.

Aspect	India	United States	European Union
Policy Framework	Critical Minerals Policy (2023), Deep Ocean Mission	Energy Act of 2020, Executive Orders	Critical Raw Materials Act (2023)
Key Focus	Domestic exploration & mining (30 minerals), Deep-sea resources, International partnerships	Domestic production, Strategic stockpiling, Recycling, Friend-shoring	Diversification, Recycling, Strategic projects, Circular economy
Diversification Efforts	Auctions for mining blocks, Bilateral agreements (e.g., with Australia)	Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), Investment in allied countries	Strategic Partnerships (e.g., with Canada, Australia), New trade agreements
Domestic Production	Boosting domestic mining of identified critical minerals, AMD's role	Revitalizing domestic mining & processing, Tax incentives	Setting targets for domestic extraction (10%) and processing (40%)
International Partnerships	Focus on resource-rich nations, Quad, BRICS+ engagement	MSP (14 members), Bilateral agreements (e.g., Japan, UK)	Global Gateway, Bilateral agreements with resource-rich countries
Recycling/Circular Economy	Growing focus, potential for urban mining	Investment in R&D for recycling technologies	Setting targets for recycling (15%), promoting circularity

हालिया विकास

5 विकास

→

The global push for decarbonization and the rapid growth of electric vehicle and renewable energy sectors have significantly amplified the demand for critical minerals.

→

Geopolitical tensions, particularly between major powers, have led to increased focus on supply chain resilience and de-risking strategies.

→

India has identified 30 critical minerals and initiated auctions for exploration and mining blocks to boost domestic production and reduce import reliance.

→

Formation of international alliances like the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) by the US and its allies to strengthen critical mineral supply chains.

→

Increased investment in deep-sea mining and urban mining as potential new sources for critical minerals.

स्रोत विषय

Japan to Pioneer Deep-Sea Mining of Rare Earths, Boosting Resource Security

Science & Technology

UPSC महत्व

Crucial for UPSC GS Paper 3 (Economy, Science & Technology, Security) and GS Paper 2 (International Relations). Frequently asked in Prelims (examples of critical minerals, related initiatives, major producers) and Mains (geopolitical implications, policy responses, economic impact on green transition, supply chain vulnerabilities).