This table provides a side-by-side comparison of the colonial-era criminal laws with their modern replacements, highlighting the significant changes and new provisions introduced.
| Old Law | New Law | Key Change/Provision |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860 | Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 | Repeals Sedition (Section 124A IPC), introduces 'Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India'. New offenses for terrorism, organised crime. Community service for petty offenses. |
| Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1973 | Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 | Mandates forensic investigation for offenses punishable with 7+ years imprisonment. Allows electronic FIRs, e-summons, videography of search/seizure. Introduces timelines for investigation and trial. |
| Indian Evidence Act 1872 | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023 | Recognizes electronic records as primary evidence. Expands definition of 'document' to include electronic communication. Clarifies admissibility of digital evidence and expert testimony. |
| Focus | Punishment-centric, colonial legacy | Justice-centric, citizen-centric, modern, technology-driven |
💡 Highlighted: Row 1 is particularly important for exam preparation
This table provides a side-by-side comparison of the colonial-era criminal laws with their modern replacements, highlighting the significant changes and new provisions introduced.
| Old Law | New Law | Key Change/Provision |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860 | Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 | Repeals Sedition (Section 124A IPC), introduces 'Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India'. New offenses for terrorism, organised crime. Community service for petty offenses. |
| Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1973 | Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 | Mandates forensic investigation for offenses punishable with 7+ years imprisonment. Allows electronic FIRs, e-summons, videography of search/seizure. Introduces timelines for investigation and trial. |
| Indian Evidence Act 1872 | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023 | Recognizes electronic records as primary evidence. Expands definition of 'document' to include electronic communication. Clarifies admissibility of digital evidence and expert testimony. |
| Focus | Punishment-centric, colonial legacy | Justice-centric, citizen-centric, modern, technology-driven |
💡 Highlighted: Row 1 is particularly important for exam preparation
This mind map illustrates the key aspects, objectives, and broader implications of India's new criminal laws, connecting them to various facets of governance and society.
E-governance in Justice (e-FIRs, e-summons)
Digital Evidence Admissibility (BSA)
Timelines for Investigation & Trial
Community Service for Petty Offenses
Mandatory Forensic Investigation
Videography of Search & Seizure
Impact on Civil Liberties (e.g., redefined sedition)
Implementation Challenges (Infrastructure, Training)
This mind map illustrates the key aspects, objectives, and broader implications of India's new criminal laws, connecting them to various facets of governance and society.
E-governance in Justice (e-FIRs, e-summons)
Digital Evidence Admissibility (BSA)
Timelines for Investigation & Trial
Community Service for Petty Offenses
Mandatory Forensic Investigation
Videography of Search & Seizure
Impact on Civil Liberties (e.g., redefined sedition)
Implementation Challenges (Infrastructure, Training)
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS): Introduces new offenses like terrorism, organised crime, and sedition (redefined as 'acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India').
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS): Increases penalties for various crimes, including sexual offenses against women and children, and mandates community service for petty offenses.
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS): Mandates forensic investigation for offenses punishable with 7 years or more imprisonment and allows for electronic FIRs and e-summons.
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS): Introduces timelines for various stages of investigation and trial, and permits videography of search and seizure.
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA): Recognizes electronic records as primary evidence and expands the definition of 'document' to include electronic communication.
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA): Introduces provisions for the admissibility of digital evidence and clarifies the admissibility of expert testimony.
This table provides a side-by-side comparison of the colonial-era criminal laws with their modern replacements, highlighting the significant changes and new provisions introduced.
| Old Law | New Law | Key Change/Provision |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860 | Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 | Repeals Sedition (Section 124A IPC), introduces 'Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India'. New offenses for terrorism, organised crime. Community service for petty offenses. |
| Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1973 | Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 | Mandates forensic investigation for offenses punishable with 7+ years imprisonment. Allows electronic FIRs, e-summons, videography of search/seizure. Introduces timelines for investigation and trial. |
| Indian Evidence Act 1872 | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023 | Recognizes electronic records as primary evidence. Expands definition of 'document' to include electronic communication. Clarifies admissibility of digital evidence and expert testimony. |
| Focus | Punishment-centric, colonial legacy | Justice-centric, citizen-centric, modern, technology-driven |
This mind map illustrates the key aspects, objectives, and broader implications of India's new criminal laws, connecting them to various facets of governance and society.
New Criminal Laws (BNS, BNSS, BSA) 2023
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS): Introduces new offenses like terrorism, organised crime, and sedition (redefined as 'acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India').
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS): Increases penalties for various crimes, including sexual offenses against women and children, and mandates community service for petty offenses.
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS): Mandates forensic investigation for offenses punishable with 7 years or more imprisonment and allows for electronic FIRs and e-summons.
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS): Introduces timelines for various stages of investigation and trial, and permits videography of search and seizure.
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA): Recognizes electronic records as primary evidence and expands the definition of 'document' to include electronic communication.
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA): Introduces provisions for the admissibility of digital evidence and clarifies the admissibility of expert testimony.
This table provides a side-by-side comparison of the colonial-era criminal laws with their modern replacements, highlighting the significant changes and new provisions introduced.
| Old Law | New Law | Key Change/Provision |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860 | Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 | Repeals Sedition (Section 124A IPC), introduces 'Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India'. New offenses for terrorism, organised crime. Community service for petty offenses. |
| Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1973 | Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 | Mandates forensic investigation for offenses punishable with 7+ years imprisonment. Allows electronic FIRs, e-summons, videography of search/seizure. Introduces timelines for investigation and trial. |
| Indian Evidence Act 1872 | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023 | Recognizes electronic records as primary evidence. Expands definition of 'document' to include electronic communication. Clarifies admissibility of digital evidence and expert testimony. |
| Focus | Punishment-centric, colonial legacy | Justice-centric, citizen-centric, modern, technology-driven |
This mind map illustrates the key aspects, objectives, and broader implications of India's new criminal laws, connecting them to various facets of governance and society.
New Criminal Laws (BNS, BNSS, BSA) 2023
