Public Health / Healthcare System in India क्या है?
ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि
मुख्य प्रावधान
8 points- 1.
Three-tier structure: Primary (Sub-Centres, PHCs, UPHCs, Health & Wellness Centres), Secondary (Community Health Centres, District Hospitals), Tertiary (Medical Colleges, Super-specialty Hospitals).
- 2.
Funding: Predominantly out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), government spending (Centre and States), and private insurance.
- 3.
Human Resources: Doctors, nurses, paramedics, ASHA workers, ANMs, often facing shortages and maldistribution.
- 4.
Challenges: Inadequate infrastructure, shortage of skilled personnel, urban-rural disparity, high OOPE, quality concerns, regulatory gaps, and a dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
- 5.
National Health Policy 2017: Aims to achieve the highest possible level of health and well-being for all through a comprehensive primary healthcare approach and increased public health spending.
- 6.
Role of States: Health is a State subject under the Seventh Schedule, leading to variations in healthcare delivery and outcomes across states.
- 7.
Private Sector: Plays a significant and growing role, especially in secondary and tertiary care, but often unregulated and expensive.
- 8.
Traditional Medicine: Integration of AYUSH systems (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy) into the mainstream healthcare delivery.
दृश्य सामग्री
Evolution of India's Healthcare Policy & System
This timeline illustrates the key milestones and policy shifts that have shaped India's public health and healthcare system, from pre-independence recommendations to recent initiatives.
India's healthcare system has gradually shifted from a curative, hospital-centric model inherited from colonial times towards a more integrated, preventive, and primary healthcare-focused approach, driven by national policies and global declarations. Recent events like COVID-19 have accelerated reforms and infrastructure development.
- 1946Bhore Committee Report: Recommended integrated, comprehensive healthcare with strong PHC.
- 1978Alma Ata Declaration: Global call for 'Health for All' through Primary Healthcare (PHC).
- 1983National Health Policy (NHP 1983): First NHP, emphasized PHC and universal access.
- 2002National Health Policy (NHP 2002): Focused on increasing public health spending and equitable access.
- 2005National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) launched: Major push for rural healthcare infrastructure and human resources.
- 2013National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) launched: Complementary to NRHM, for urban health needs. (NRHM + NUHM = NHM)
- 2017National Health Policy (NHP 2017): Prioritized Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC), NCDs, and increased public spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2025.
- 2018Ayushman Bharat launched: Two pillars - PM-JAY (health insurance) & Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs) for CPHC.
- 2020COVID-19 Pandemic: Exposed vulnerabilities, spurred focus on public health preparedness.
- 2021PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) launched: To strengthen critical healthcare infrastructure from primary to tertiary.
- 2025Continued expansion of HWCs: Aim to operationalize 1.5 lakh HWCs, focus on NCD screening and digital health integration.
India's Healthcare System: Structure & Key Components
This mind map illustrates the multi-layered structure of India's healthcare system and its crucial components, highlighting the interconnections between different tiers and major government initiatives.
Healthcare System in India
- ●Three-tier Structure
- ●Key Government Schemes
- ●Human Resources for Health (HRH)
- ●Major Challenges
हालिया विकास
6 विकासLaunch of Ayushman Bharat (PMJAY and Health & Wellness Centres) for universal health coverage and comprehensive primary care.
National Digital Health Mission (now Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission) for creating a digital health ecosystem.
Increased focus on preventive and promotive health, including wellness programs.
Strengthening of health infrastructure and pandemic preparedness post-COVID-19.
Efforts to reduce Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) through schemes and public health spending.
Adoption of a 'One Health' approach for addressing zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance.