Structure includes Central, State, Deemed, and Private Universities, along with Institutes of National Importance (IITs, IIMs, NITs, AIIMS).

Regulatory bodies like UGC, AICTE, MCI, BCI historically governed specific domains, with a proposed single regulator (HECI) under NEP 2020.

Key challenges include ensuring quality, equitable access, adequate funding, addressing faculty shortages, boosting research output, bridging the industry-academia gap, and reversing brain drain.

Objectives of reforms include enhancing Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), improving research quality, fostering innovation, promoting multidisciplinary education, internationalization, and skill development.

Major government initiatives include Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), Impacting Research Innovation and Technology (IMPRINT), Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN), Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM), and the National Research Foundation (NRF).

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a landmark reform document proposing holistic, multidisciplinary education, flexible curricula, digital learning, and greater institutional autonomy.

Funding comes from both public and private sources, with grants from bodies like UGC, DST, and DBT playing a crucial role.

A persistent debate exists regarding the balance between institutional autonomy and regulatory oversight to ensure academic freedom and quality.

Structure includes Central, State, Deemed, and Private Universities, along with Institutes of National Importance (IITs, IIMs, NITs, AIIMS).

Regulatory bodies like UGC, AICTE, MCI, BCI historically governed specific domains, with a proposed single regulator (HECI) under NEP 2020.

Key challenges include ensuring quality, equitable access, adequate funding, addressing faculty shortages, boosting research output, bridging the industry-academia gap, and reversing brain drain.

Objectives of reforms include enhancing Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), improving research quality, fostering innovation, promoting multidisciplinary education, internationalization, and skill development.

Major government initiatives include Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), Impacting Research Innovation and Technology (IMPRINT), Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN), Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM), and the National Research Foundation (NRF).

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a landmark reform document proposing holistic, multidisciplinary education, flexible curricula, digital learning, and greater institutional autonomy.

Funding comes from both public and private sources, with grants from bodies like UGC, DST, and DBT playing a crucial role.

A persistent debate exists regarding the balance between institutional autonomy and regulatory oversight to ensure academic freedom and quality.