inter-state cooperation

The Inter-State Council, established under Article 263 of the Constitution, is a key mechanism for facilitating cooperation and coordination between states. It is a recommendatory body that investigates and discusses subjects in which some or all of the states, or the Union and one or more states, have a common interest.

Article 262 addresses disputes relating to inter-state rivers or river valleys. Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-state river or river valley. This is crucial because water is a scarce resource, and disputes over its allocation can lead to significant tensions between states.

The Constitution also envisages the creation of Zonal Councils, which are advisory bodies that bring together states within a particular region to discuss and address common issues. These councils promote regional cooperation and coordination on matters such as economic development, transport, and social welfare.

While the Union government has the power to legislate on matters in the Union List, many subjects fall under the State List, requiring states to coordinate their policies to achieve national objectives. For example, agriculture is a state subject, but achieving national food security requires states to align their agricultural policies.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), implemented in 2017, is a prime example of successful inter-state cooperation. It required states to cede some of their fiscal autonomy to create a unified national market. The GST Council, comprising representatives from the Union and state governments, is responsible for making decisions related to GST rates and policies.

One challenge to inter-state cooperation is the lack of effective enforcement mechanisms. While the Inter-State Council can make recommendations, its decisions are not binding on states. This can lead to delays and disagreements in implementing cooperative initiatives.

Inter-state cooperation is particularly important in addressing trans-boundary environmental issues, such as air and water pollution. For example, states sharing a river basin need to cooperate to prevent pollution and ensure sustainable water management.

The success of inter-state cooperation often depends on the political will of the states involved. Differences in political ideologies and priorities can sometimes hinder cooperation, even when it is in the best interests of all parties.

The Union government plays a crucial role in facilitating inter-state cooperation by providing financial and technical assistance, and by acting as a mediator in resolving disputes. The Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Jal Shakti are particularly involved in promoting inter-state coordination.

The UPSC exam often tests candidates' understanding of the constitutional provisions related to inter-state relations, the role of various institutions, and the challenges and opportunities for cooperation. Questions may also focus on specific examples of successful or unsuccessful inter-state initiatives.