Critical and Emerging Technologies

While related, 'Critical' technologies are essential for current national security and economic stability, needing immediate safeguarding. 'Emerging' technologies are still developing but have the potential to become critical in the future. The policy difference is that critical technologies need immediate protection and investment, while emerging technologies need nurturing and monitoring to realize their potential and mitigate risks.

The most common trap is confusing CETs with general technological advancements. Students often mistakenly include well-established technologies (like basic software or traditional manufacturing) or exclude niche but potentially transformative technologies (like synthetic biology or advanced materials). Remember, CETs are *potentially* disruptive and have broad applications across sectors.

CETs often rely on specialized components or materials sourced from a limited number of suppliers, potentially creating vulnerabilities. The global semiconductor shortage during the COVID-19 pandemic is a prime example. It disrupted industries worldwide, highlighting the risk of relying on a few suppliers for critical components needed for everything from cars to smartphones.

The partnership leverages Israel's advanced capabilities in areas like AI, quantum computing, and cybersecurity, complementing India's strengths in software development and large-scale manufacturing. Specifically, it aims to accelerate joint R&D, facilitate technology transfer, and create secure supply chains – things that would be slower and more difficult for India to achieve independently.

The Wassenaar Arrangement is an international export control regime that regulates the transfer of dual-use goods and technologies. It's relevant because India, while not a member, is increasingly aligning its export control policies with Wassenaar norms to prevent the misuse of sensitive technologies and ensure responsible innovation, especially given the dual-use potential of many CETs.

Algorithmic bias is a major ethical concern. AI systems can perpetuate and amplify existing societal biases if the data they are trained on is biased. Governments, like the EU, are trying to address this through regulations that emphasize fairness, transparency, and accountability in AI systems, ensuring that these technologies are used responsibly and do not discriminate against certain groups.

These policies promote CETs by providing funding for research and development, creating a supportive regulatory environment, encouraging public-private partnerships, and fostering workforce development. For example, the National Strategy for AI aims to create a skilled AI workforce and promote the adoption of AI in various sectors, which directly contributes to the development and deployment of AI-related CETs.

A common mistake is confusing the Information Technology Act, 2000 with policies specifically targeting AI or quantum technologies. While the IT Act provides a general framework for cybersecurity and data protection, it doesn't address the unique challenges and opportunities presented by CETs like AI. Students often incorrectly assume the IT Act is sufficient for regulating all aspects of CETs.

Critics argue that strict export controls and regulations, driven by national security concerns, can limit collaboration, slow down research, and make it harder for domestic companies to compete globally. A balanced approach is needed. While national security is paramount, policies should also promote open innovation, international collaboration, and the free flow of information to foster a vibrant CET ecosystem.

This investment aims to develop quantum computers, secure quantum communication systems, and quantum sensors. Specific outcomes include creating a quantum-enabled communication network for secure data transmission, developing quantum algorithms for solving complex problems in areas like drug discovery and materials science, and establishing a domestic quantum technology industry.

'Dual-use' technologies have both civilian and military applications, while 'military-only' technologies are exclusively for military purposes. The key difference is the *potential* for civilian use. In the exam, look for keywords like 'civilian applications', 'commercial use', or 'non-military purposes' to identify dual-use technologies.

The EU takes a more regulatory approach, emphasizing human rights and ethical principles with laws like the AI Act. India currently favors a more flexible, less prescriptive approach, focusing on promoting innovation and self-regulation. The EU approach may offer stronger safeguards but could stifle innovation, while India's approach may encourage faster development but risks inadequate protection of rights and safety.