What is Sangh Parivar?
Historical Background
Key Points
12 points- 1.
The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is the central and arguably most important organization within the Sangh Parivar. It serves as the ideological guide and provides the framework for the other organizations. While the RSS itself doesn't directly participate in electoral politics, it provides the manpower and ideological support to its affiliates, most notably the BJP. Think of it as the brain that guides the body.
- 2.
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is the political arm of the Sangh Parivar. It translates the Sangh's ideology into policy and governance. The BJP's political success is crucial for the Sangh Parivar as it allows them to implement their agenda at the national and state levels. For example, policies promoting cow protection or changes to historical narratives often align with the Sangh's ideology.
- 3.
The Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) focuses on religious and cultural aspects. It aims to protect and promote Hindu culture and traditions, often taking a strong stance on issues such as religious conversions and the construction of temples. The VHP played a prominent role in the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, advocating for the construction of a Ram temple in Ayodhya.
- 4.
The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) is the student wing of the Sangh Parivar. It operates in universities and colleges, promoting Hindu nationalist ideology among students and advocating for policies aligned with their worldview. The ABVP often contests student union elections and plays a role in shaping the intellectual climate on campuses.
- 5.
The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) is the labor wing, focusing on workers' rights and welfare while promoting a Hindu nationalist perspective within the labor movement. It aims to organize workers and advocate for policies that benefit them, while also instilling a sense of national pride and cultural identity.
- 6.
The concept of Hindutva, as articulated by figures like V.D. Savarkar, is a core tenet of the Sangh Parivar's ideology. Hindutva seeks to define Indian national identity in terms of Hindu culture and values. This often leads to debates about the inclusion and treatment of religious minorities in India. It's important to understand that Hindutva is not simply Hinduism; it's a political ideology.
- 7.
The Sangh Parivar emphasizes cultural nationalism, arguing that India's national identity is primarily based on Hindu culture. This perspective often involves promoting Hindu traditions, festivals, and symbols as integral parts of Indian identity. This can sometimes lead to tensions with those who advocate for a more inclusive and pluralistic national identity.
- 8.
A key objective of the Sangh Parivar is the establishment of a Hindu Rashtra, or Hindu nation, in India. This vision involves structuring the country's laws and policies in accordance with Hindu values and principles. This goal is controversial, as it raises concerns about the rights and status of religious minorities in a Hindu-dominated nation.
- 9.
The Sangh Parivar often frames its activities as a defense of Hindu interests against perceived threats, both internal and external. This narrative can involve highlighting historical grievances, raising concerns about religious conversions, and advocating for policies that protect Hindu traditions and institutions. For example, the BJP in West Bengal is attempting to consolidate Hindu votes by raising concerns about demographic changes in border regions.
- 10.
The Sangh Parivar operates through a vast network of volunteers and organizations, allowing it to mobilize support and influence public opinion at the grassroots level. This network includes schools, charities, and cultural organizations, which help to disseminate their ideology and build support for their agenda. This extensive network is a key factor in their political success.
- 11.
The Sangh Parivar's relationship with religious minorities, particularly Muslims and Christians, is often a subject of controversy. Critics argue that the Sangh's Hindutva ideology can lead to discrimination and marginalization of minorities. The Sangh Parivar, however, maintains that it is committed to the well-being of all citizens, regardless of their religion, but that national identity should be rooted in Hindu culture.
- 12.
The Sangh Parivar's influence extends beyond politics and religion, shaping cultural norms and social attitudes. Their emphasis on Hindu values and traditions can influence everything from family structures to dietary habits. This cultural influence is a key aspect of their long-term strategy to transform Indian society.
Visual Insights
Organisations within the Sangh Parivar
Mind map illustrating the key organisations within the Sangh Parivar and their respective roles.
Sangh Parivar
- ●RSS
- ●BJP
- ●VHP
Recent Developments
9 developmentsIn 2014 and 2019, the BJP's landslide victories in the general elections significantly strengthened the Sangh Parivar's influence in Indian politics and policy-making.
The construction of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya, which began in 2020 following a Supreme Court verdict in 2019, is a major victory for the VHP and other Sangh Parivar organizations that had long campaigned for it.
The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), passed in 2019, has been supported by many Sangh Parivar organizations, who see it as a way to protect persecuted religious minorities from neighboring countries. However, the CAA has also faced widespread protests and criticism for allegedly discriminating against Muslims.
In recent years, there has been increasing scrutiny of the RSS and its affiliated organizations, with some critics accusing them of promoting Hindu majoritarianism and intolerance. These accusations have led to debates about the role of the Sangh Parivar in Indian society.
In 2026, the BJP is strategizing to consolidate Hindu votes in West Bengal by raising concerns about demographic changes and appealing to anti-Trinamool voters, highlighting the Sangh Parivar's continued focus on expanding its political influence.
The BJP's efforts to mobilize OBCs and the Matuas, a Dalit religious group, in West Bengal for the upcoming elections in 2026 demonstrate the Sangh Parivar's strategy of broadening its social base.
The ongoing Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in West Bengal in 2026 has raised concerns among Muslims about potential exclusion, which the BJP hopes to capitalize on to consolidate Hindu votes, reflecting the Sangh Parivar's focus on electoral gains through polarization.
The appointment of Samik Bhattacharya as the state BJP president in West Bengal in 2026 is seen as an attempt to bring about a truce between different factions within the party, highlighting the internal dynamics and challenges faced by the Sangh Parivar.
The BJP's strategy to replicate the success of 'rath yatras' in Uttar Pradesh and other states in West Bengal for the upcoming elections in 2026 indicates the Sangh Parivar's continued reliance on mass mobilization and religious symbolism to achieve political objectives.
This Concept in News
1 topicsFrequently Asked Questions
61. The Sangh Parivar is often described as a 'family' of organizations. What's the most accurate analogy to understand this relationship for the UPSC exam – a corporation, a political alliance, or something else entirely, and why?
The 'family' analogy is useful, but can be misleading. It's best understood as a network with the RSS at the center. Think of it like this: the RSS is the ideological parent providing guidance (like the brain), while organizations like the BJP (political), VHP (religious), ABVP (student wing), and BMS (labor) are like different limbs working towards a shared, overarching goal of furthering Hindutva and cultural nationalism. It's not a formal corporation with a strict hierarchy, nor is it a simple political alliance of independent entities. The RSS's ideological influence is the key unifying factor.
Exam Tip
Remember: RSS is the ideological fountainhead. Other organizations are 'affiliated,' not independent. MCQs often try to trick you by presenting them as separate entities with no central control.
2. The stated goal of the Sangh Parivar is often described as establishing a 'Hindu Rashtra'. What are the different interpretations of this term, and why does it spark controversy?
The term 'Hindu Rashtra' is interpreted in various ways, ranging from a nation where Hindu culture is given prominence to a state where laws are based on Hindu religious principles. This sparks controversy for several reasons:
- •Minority Rights: Critics fear it could lead to the marginalization or discrimination of religious minorities, contradicting India's secular constitution.
- •Inclusivity: The idea of defining national identity primarily through Hindu culture is seen as exclusionary by those who advocate for a more pluralistic and inclusive national identity.
- •Constitutional Conflict: Establishing a Hindu Rashtra could necessitate changes to the Constitution, potentially undermining its secular foundations.
Exam Tip
For Mains, avoid taking a strongly biased position. Acknowledge the different interpretations and the concerns raised by each. Mention Article 25, 29 & 30 and how they relate to religious freedom.
3. What is the core difference between 'Hinduism' and 'Hindutva,' and why is this distinction important when analyzing the Sangh Parivar?
Hinduism is a religion with diverse philosophies, traditions, and practices. Hindutva, on the other hand, is a political ideology that seeks to define Indian national identity in terms of Hindu culture and values. This distinction is crucial because:
- •Not all Hindus subscribe to Hindutva: Equating Hinduism with Hindutva is inaccurate and unfair to the vast majority of Hindus who may not share the Sangh Parivar's political views.
- •Inclusivity vs. Exclusivity: Hinduism, in its essence, is often seen as inclusive, while Hindutva, as a political ideology, can be perceived as exclusionary, particularly towards religious minorities.
- •Policy Implications: Understanding this difference is essential for analyzing the Sangh Parivar's policies and actions, which are often driven by Hindutva ideology rather than purely religious considerations.
Exam Tip
In your answers, always use 'Hindutva' when referring to the Sangh Parivar's ideology, not 'Hinduism'. Examiners look for this nuance.
4. The RSS claims to be a cultural organization, not a political one. How does the UPSC expect us to analyze this claim, considering the BJP's close ties to the RSS?
The UPSC expects a nuanced analysis. Acknowledge the RSS's claim of being a cultural organization focused on character building and Hindu cultural preservation. However, also highlight the following:
- •BJP's Dependence: The BJP relies heavily on the RSS for cadre, organizational support, and ideological guidance.
- •RSS's Political Influence: The RSS actively promotes its ideology, which directly influences political discourse and policy-making.
- •Historical Involvement: The RSS has historically been involved in political movements, even if indirectly.
Exam Tip
Don't take the RSS's claim at face value. Present both sides of the argument and provide evidence to support your analysis. Mention examples of policies that reflect RSS ideology.
5. The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) of 2019 is often linked to the Sangh Parivar's ideology. What is the connection, and what are the key arguments for and against this connection?
The CAA, which offers a path to Indian citizenship for religious minorities (excluding Muslims) persecuted in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan, aligns with the Sangh Parivar's Hindutva ideology in the following ways:
- •Religious Prioritization: It prioritizes religious identity as a basis for citizenship, reflecting the Sangh Parivar's emphasis on Hindu (and other non-Muslim) identity.
- •Protection of Persecuted Hindus: It is seen as a way to protect Hindus and other religious minorities who are perceived as victims of persecution in Muslim-majority countries.
- •Arguments For: Supporters argue it rectifies historical injustices and provides refuge to vulnerable communities. They also state that it is not discriminatory as it does not affect existing citizens of India.
- •Arguments Against: Critics argue that it violates the secular principles of the Constitution by discriminating against Muslims and that it could be used to further marginalize the Muslim community in India.
Exam Tip
When discussing CAA, remember to address both the humanitarian concerns and the constitutional questions. Quote relevant articles related to equality and religious freedom.
6. In an interview setting, how would you respond to the statement: 'The Sangh Parivar is essential for preserving Indian culture and national unity'?
This statement requires a balanced response. Here's a possible approach:
- •Acknowledge the Positive: Recognize the Sangh Parivar's efforts in promoting certain aspects of Indian culture and traditions. Mention their work in social service and community building.
- •Raise Concerns: Express concerns about the potential for exclusion and intolerance associated with some elements of the Sangh Parivar's ideology. Highlight the importance of inclusivity and respect for diversity in a multicultural society like India.
- •Offer a Balanced Perspective: Emphasize that while cultural preservation is important, it should not come at the cost of social harmony and the rights of minorities. National unity should be based on shared values of citizenship and constitutional principles, rather than a singular cultural identity.
Source Topic
BJP's West Bengal Strategy: Polarisation and Left Support
Polity & GovernanceUPSC Relevance
The Sangh Parivar is a significant topic for the UPSC exam, particularly in GS Paper 1 (Indian Culture, Modern Indian History), GS Paper 2 (Polity, Governance, Social Justice), and GS Paper 3 (Internal Security). Questions often revolve around the ideology of Hindutva, the role of the RSS, the BJP's relationship with the Sangh Parivar, and the impact of these organizations on Indian society and politics. In Prelims, expect factual questions about the founding of the RSS, key figures, and affiliated organizations.
In Mains, be prepared to analyze the Sangh Parivar's influence on policy-making, its impact on social harmony, and its role in shaping Indian national identity. Essay topics may also touch upon the themes of nationalism, secularism, and religious identity in India. Recent years have seen an increase in questions related to identity politics and social movements, making the Sangh Parivar a crucial area of study.