India's Energy Security and Connectivity

India's energy security refers to the reliable and affordable supply of energy sources like oil, gas, coal, and renewables. Connectivity involves the infrastructure and agreements needed to transport these resources. It's a critical priority because India relies heavily on energy imports, and ensuring a stable energy supply is vital for economic growth and national security.

India's focus on energy security intensified after the 1973 oil crisis, which exposed the risks of relying on imported oil. Economic liberalization in the 1990s further increased energy demand, leading to diversification efforts. Key strategies include developing domestic coal reserves, expanding renewable energy capacity, and pursuing international partnerships.

Key provisions include:

• •Increasing the share of natural gas in the energy mix to 15% by 2030.
• •Providing subsidized LPG connections to poor households through the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.
• •Targeting 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
• •Developing the Chabahar Port project in Iran to enhance connectivity.
• •Building partnerships with countries like Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar for long-term energy supplies.

The Electricity Act, 2003 provides the legal framework for the power sector. The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) Act, 2006 regulates the downstream petroleum sector. India's National Energy Policy guides the overall energy strategy. Various environmental laws also have an impact.

In practice, India's energy security strategy involves a multi-pronged approach. This includes:

• •Diversifying energy sources by investing in renewable energy and nuclear power.
• •Securing long-term contracts with energy-exporting countries.
• •Developing domestic energy resources, such as coal and natural gas.
• •Improving energy efficiency through policies and technologies.
• •Investing in infrastructure for energy transportation and distribution.

Energy security is crucial for the Indian economy because it ensures a stable and affordable energy supply, which is essential for industrial production, transportation, and overall economic growth. Disruptions in energy supply can lead to economic instability and hinder development.

India is focusing on a diverse energy mix, including:

• •Coal: Still a major source of electricity generation.
• •Natural Gas: Aiming to increase its share in the energy mix.
• •Renewable Energy: Solar, wind, and hydro power are key areas of investment.
• •Nuclear Energy: Expanding nuclear power capacity.
• •Green Hydrogen: Promoting the production and use of green hydrogen.

Challenges include:

• •High dependence on energy imports.
• •Inadequate infrastructure for energy transportation and distribution.
• •Financial constraints in investing in renewable energy projects.
• •Geopolitical risks affecting energy supplies.
• •Environmental concerns related to fossil fuel use.

India's approach is unique due to its high energy demand, reliance on imports, and commitment to renewable energy. Compared to developed countries, India faces greater challenges in balancing energy security with affordability and environmental sustainability. India is more focused on rapidly expanding renewable energy capacity than some other countries.

The future involves a greater emphasis on renewable energy, energy efficiency, and diversification of energy sources. Increased connectivity through pipelines and regional energy grids will be crucial. The National Green Hydrogen Mission and promotion of electric vehicles will play a significant role.

A common misconception is that India can achieve complete energy independence in the near future. While India is making progress in renewable energy, it will likely remain dependent on some energy imports for the foreseeable future. Another misconception is that energy security solely depends on domestic production; international partnerships are also crucial.

The National Green Hydrogen Mission, launched in 2023, is significant because it aims to promote the production and use of green hydrogen, which can reduce India's dependence on fossil fuels and enhance energy security. Green hydrogen can be used in various sectors, including transportation, industry, and power generation.