3 minPolitical Concept
Political Concept

Jammu and Kashmir Security Situation

What is Jammu and Kashmir Security Situation?

The Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) Security Situation refers to the ongoing challenges in maintaining peace and order in the region. These challenges include terrorism, cross-border infiltration, and maintaining law and order. The security situation is complex due to the region's unique history and geopolitical location. The Indian government deploys various security forces, including the Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), and Jammu and Kashmir Police, to counter these threats. The goal is to protect citizens, maintain stability, and promote development. Understanding the J&K Security Situation requires knowledge of its history, the actors involved, and the strategies being used to address the challenges. The situation is constantly evolving, requiring continuous monitoring and adaptation of security measures. Effective governance and development initiatives are also crucial for long-term stability. Maintaining security is essential for the overall progress of the region.

Historical Background

The J&K Security Situation has deep historical roots. After India's independence in 1947, J&K acceded to India. However, Pakistan has disputed this accession, leading to conflicts and tensions. Insurgency in the region began in the late 1980s, fueled by political grievances and support from across the border. The 1990s saw a surge in militancy, with numerous terrorist groups operating in the region. Over the years, the Indian government has taken various measures to counter terrorism, including military operations and development initiatives. The revocation of Article 370 in 2019 and the reorganization of J&K into a Union Territory marked a significant shift in the region's political and administrative landscape. While militancy has decreased compared to the 1990s, the security situation remains fragile, with continued threats from terrorist groups and cross-border infiltration. The focus has shifted towards strengthening the local police and intelligence agencies to address these challenges.

Key Points

12 points
  • 1.

    The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) gives special powers to the armed forces in disturbed areas. This includes the power to search, arrest, and even use force, including firing, under certain circumstances.

  • 2.

    The Disturbed Areas Act declares an area as 'disturbed' based on the security situation. This allows for the implementation of stricter security measures.

  • 3.

    The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) is used to counter terrorist activities and organizations. It allows for the detention of individuals suspected of involvement in terrorism.

  • 4.

    The Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act (PSA) allows for preventive detention of individuals who are deemed a threat to public order. It has been controversial due to concerns about human rights.

  • 5.

    The Indian Army plays a crucial role in counter-insurgency operations along the Line of Control (LoC) and in the hinterland.

  • 6.

    The CRPF is responsible for maintaining law and order in urban areas and assisting the local police.

  • 7.

    The Jammu and Kashmir Police is the primary law enforcement agency in the region. They are responsible for investigating crimes and maintaining public order.

  • 8.

    Intelligence agencies, such as the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), gather information and provide intelligence to security forces.

  • 9.

    Cross-border infiltration remains a major challenge. Terrorist groups often attempt to infiltrate into J&K from Pakistan-administered Kashmir.

  • 10.

    Development initiatives are crucial for addressing the root causes of unrest and promoting stability. These include infrastructure projects, employment generation programs, and educational opportunities.

  • 11.

    Rehabilitation programs aim to reintegrate former militants into society. These programs provide vocational training and financial assistance.

  • 12.

    Security Grids are established to coordinate the efforts of different security agencies and ensure effective response to threats.

Recent Developments

10 developments
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The revocation of Article 370 in 2019 significantly altered the constitutional status of J&K.

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The reorganization of J&K into two Union Territories (Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh) in 2019 changed the administrative structure of the region.

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Increased focus on development projects and infrastructure development in recent years.

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Efforts to promote tourism and economic activity in the region.

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Continued attempts by terrorist groups to infiltrate into J&K.

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Establishment of high-altitude CRPF bases to counter terrorist threats in higher reaches (2024).

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Ongoing dialogue between the government and various stakeholders to promote peace and reconciliation.

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Strengthening of local police and intelligence agencies to improve counter-terrorism capabilities.

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Implementation of various schemes to address unemployment and promote economic empowerment.

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Increased use of technology for surveillance and monitoring of terrorist activities.

This Concept in News

1 topics

High-Altitude CRPF Bases Established in J&K to Counter Threats

19 Feb 2026

The news about the establishment of high-altitude CRPF bases highlights the persistent challenge of terrorism in J&K and the need for proactive security measures. This news demonstrates the adaptability required in counter-insurgency operations, as terrorist groups seek refuge in higher altitudes. The establishment of these bases reveals a new development in the security landscape, indicating that terrorists are increasingly using remote areas for shelter and operations. The implications of this news are that security forces need to enhance their capabilities to operate in challenging terrain and adapt their strategies accordingly. Understanding the J&K Security Situation is crucial for analyzing this news because it provides the context for understanding the government's response and the challenges involved in maintaining peace and stability in the region. It is important to understand the historical context, the actors involved, and the evolving tactics of terrorist groups to fully grasp the significance of this development and its potential impact on the region's future.

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Frequently Asked Questions

6
1. What is the Jammu and Kashmir Security Situation, and why is it important for the UPSC exam?

The Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) Security Situation refers to the ongoing challenges in maintaining peace and order in the region, including terrorism and cross-border infiltration. It is important for the UPSC exam, particularly for GS Paper 2 and GS Paper 3, because it involves issues of governance, security, and international relations.

Exam Tip

Focus on the historical context, key provisions, and recent developments to answer questions effectively.

2. What are the key legal provisions related to the Jammu and Kashmir Security Situation?

Several legal provisions are relevant to the J&K Security Situation:

  • •Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA): Grants special powers to armed forces in disturbed areas.
  • •Disturbed Areas Act: Declares an area as 'disturbed' based on the security situation.
  • •Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA): Counters terrorist activities and organizations.
  • •Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act (PSA): Allows preventive detention for threats to public order.
  • •Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC): General laws applicable alongside special provisions.

Exam Tip

Remember the full forms and purposes of AFSPA, UAPA, and PSA for prelims.

3. How has the revocation of Article 370 and Article 35A impacted the security situation in Jammu and Kashmir?

The revocation of Article 370 and Article 35A in 2019 significantly altered the constitutional status of J&K. This led to the reorganization of the region into two Union Territories (Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh). While the government aimed to integrate the region more closely with India and promote development, the immediate aftermath saw increased security measures and restrictions to prevent unrest. The long-term impact on the security situation is still evolving.

Exam Tip

Note the year of revocation (2019) and the creation of the two Union Territories.

4. What are the main challenges in maintaining security in Jammu and Kashmir?

The challenges include:

  • •Terrorism and cross-border infiltration.
  • •Maintaining law and order amidst protests and civil unrest.
  • •Balancing security concerns with human rights.
  • •Geopolitical factors and regional tensions.
  • •Socio-economic grievances that can fuel unrest.

Exam Tip

Consider the multi-faceted nature of the security challenges when answering questions.

5. How does the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) impact the security situation in Jammu and Kashmir, and what are the controversies surrounding it?

The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) gives special powers to the armed forces in disturbed areas, including the power to search, arrest, and use force. While the government argues it is necessary for maintaining law and order and countering terrorism, it has been controversial due to concerns about human rights violations and lack of accountability. Critics argue that it can lead to abuse of power and alienation of the local population.

Exam Tip

Understand both sides of the argument regarding AFSPA: its necessity for security versus concerns about human rights.

6. What measures can be taken to improve the security situation in Jammu and Kashmir while also addressing the grievances of the local population?

Improving the security situation requires a multi-pronged approach:

  • •Strengthening security forces and intelligence gathering.
  • •Promoting dialogue and reconciliation with local communities.
  • •Addressing socio-economic grievances through development projects and employment opportunities.
  • •Ensuring accountability and transparency in security operations.
  • •Promoting good governance and reducing corruption.

Exam Tip

Focus on a balanced approach that combines security measures with development and good governance.

Source Topic

High-Altitude CRPF Bases Established in J&K to Counter Threats

Polity & Governance

UPSC Relevance

The J&K Security Situation is highly relevant for the UPSC exam, particularly for GS Paper 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations) and GS Paper 3 (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management). Questions can be asked about the historical context, the legal framework, the role of security forces, and the impact of recent developments. It is also relevant for the Essay paper. In Prelims, factual questions about Acts and constitutional provisions can be asked. In Mains, analytical questions about the challenges and solutions are common. Recent years have seen frequent questions related to internal security and border management. To answer effectively, focus on understanding the root causes of the conflict, the different perspectives involved, and the potential solutions. Keep up-to-date with current events and government policies related to J&K.

This Concept in News

1 news topics

1

High-Altitude CRPF Bases Established in J&K to Counter Threats

19 February 2026

The news about the establishment of high-altitude CRPF bases highlights the persistent challenge of terrorism in J&K and the need for proactive security measures. This news demonstrates the adaptability required in counter-insurgency operations, as terrorist groups seek refuge in higher altitudes. The establishment of these bases reveals a new development in the security landscape, indicating that terrorists are increasingly using remote areas for shelter and operations. The implications of this news are that security forces need to enhance their capabilities to operate in challenging terrain and adapt their strategies accordingly. Understanding the J&K Security Situation is crucial for analyzing this news because it provides the context for understanding the government's response and the challenges involved in maintaining peace and stability in the region. It is important to understand the historical context, the actors involved, and the evolving tactics of terrorist groups to fully grasp the significance of this development and its potential impact on the region's future.