Can exert significant influence on state policies, international law, and global norms, often challenging state sovereignty.

Include a diverse spectrum: from benevolent humanitarian NGOs to violent extremist and insurgent groups.

Often operate transnationally, blurring traditional boundaries between domestic and international politics.

Can be sources of both cooperation (e.g., humanitarian aid, environmental advocacy) and conflict (e.g., terrorism, insurgency, proxy warfare).

Their actions can destabilize regions, disrupt international trade, and trigger international interventions or counter-terrorism efforts.

Examples include the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), Amnesty International, ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and the Houthi rebels.

Funding sources can be diverse, including state sponsors, illicit activities (drug trafficking, extortion), or public donations.

Often exploit weak governance, political grievances, economic disparities, and power vacuums to gain influence.

Their rise necessitates a re-evaluation of traditional state-centric approaches to security and governance.

Can leverage modern communication technologies to mobilize, recruit, and coordinate activities globally.

Can exert significant influence on state policies, international law, and global norms, often challenging state sovereignty.

Include a diverse spectrum: from benevolent humanitarian NGOs to violent extremist and insurgent groups.

Often operate transnationally, blurring traditional boundaries between domestic and international politics.

Can be sources of both cooperation (e.g., humanitarian aid, environmental advocacy) and conflict (e.g., terrorism, insurgency, proxy warfare).

Their actions can destabilize regions, disrupt international trade, and trigger international interventions or counter-terrorism efforts.

Examples include the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), Amnesty International, ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and the Houthi rebels.

Funding sources can be diverse, including state sponsors, illicit activities (drug trafficking, extortion), or public donations.

Often exploit weak governance, political grievances, economic disparities, and power vacuums to gain influence.

Their rise necessitates a re-evaluation of traditional state-centric approaches to security and governance.

Can leverage modern communication technologies to mobilize, recruit, and coordinate activities globally.